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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The majority of patients with progressive HIV infection develop a severe hematopoietic failure which is aggravated by the hematotoxic effect of azidothymidine (AZT) treatment. Since it was shown in a mouse model that alpha-D-tocopherol (vitamin E derivative) antagonizes the inhibitory influence of AZT on the growth of burst-forming units-erythrocyte (BFU-E), it was the aim of this study to investigate whether alpha-D-tocopherol and high dosages of erythropoietin (EPO) increase the hematopoietic colony-forming capacity of bone marrow cells from patients with progressive HIV disease and especially if they reverse the inhibitory effects of AZT. The data demonstrate that tocopherol (1-100 mumol/l) significantly increases the growth of BFU-E and colony-forming units granulocyte-monocyte (CFU-GM) from HIV-infected patients. This stimulatory effect is dose-dependent (maximum at 30-100 mumol/l) and only occurs when the agent is present from the beginning of the cultures. EPO (5-10 U/ml) also augments the numbers of BFU-E from HIV-infected patients. Tocopherol equally ameliorates the growth of BFU-E and CFU-GM from the HIV-positive cohort in the presence of AZT (10-100 mumol/l). For healthy controls, no such increase was observed, either with tocopherol or with higher dosages of EPO. In conclusion, both tocopherol and EPO partially reverse the myelosuppressive action of AZT in HIV-positive patients.
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PMID:In vitro improvement of bone marrow-derived hematopoietic colony formation in HIV-positive patients by alpha-D-tocopherol and erythropoietin. 795 3

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a clinical disorder caused by a retrovirus infection, representing the end point in a progressive sequence of immunosuppressive changes. The literature is briefly summarized as to immunological, nutritional and other pathological modifications caused by AIDS, and properties of immunoenhancing, anti-oxidant and undernutrition-restoration of vitamin E supplementation. All these abnormalities in AIDS are similar to those that are stimulated or restored by intake of high doses of vitamin E. The drawbacks of pharmacological therapy like zidovudine (AZT), e.g. deleterious toxic side effects, inability to improve the immune dysfunctions and undernutrition initiated by the retrovirus infection, and finding of AZT-resistant HIV strains, necessitate new strategies for the clinical trials of novel therapies to treat AIDS with the existing medical therapies. Low toxicity nutritional agents with immunoenhancing and antioxidant activities like vitamin E may help to normalize retrovirus-induced immune dysfunctions, undernutrition and other pathological symptoms, thereby retarding the progression of the disease to AIDS. To address this vitamin E therapeutic role in HIV-positive individuals, This paper presents a review of vitamin E-related therapeutic roles in animals and humans, thereby showing why vitamin E supplementation could be used as a useful therapeutic agent in human AIDS therapy. Since there is a paucity of information available regarding the nutritional therapy in AIDS individuals, our purpose is to provide evidence from animal models or humans of the potential therapeutic role of vitamin E supplementation in the treatment of AIDS individuals.
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PMID:Is vitamin E supplementation a useful agent in AIDS therapy? 814 Feb 54

Deficiency in antioxidant micronutrients have been observed in patients with AIDS. These observations concerning only some isolated nutrients demonstrate a defect in zinc, selenium, and glutathione. An increase in free radical production and lipid peroxidation has been also found in these patients, and takes a great importance with recent papers presenting an immunodeficiency and more important an increase in HIV-1 replication secondary to free radicals overproduction. We have assessed different studies, trying to obtain a global view of the antioxidant status of these patients. In adults we observe a progressive decrease for zinc, selenium, and vitamin E with the severity of disease, except that selenium remains normal at stage II. However, the main dramatic decrease concerns carotenoids whose level at stage II is only half the normal value. To understand if these decreases in antioxidant and increases in oxidative stress occur secondary to the aggravation of the disease or, conversely, are responsible for it, we undertook a longitudinal survey of asymptotic patients. The preliminary results of this evaluation are presented. Paradoxically, lipid peroxidation is higher at stage II than at stage IV. This may be consecutive to a more intense overproduction of oxygen free radicals by more viable polymorphonuclear (PMN) at the asymptomatic stage. The free radicals production and lipid peroxidation seem secondary to a direct induction by the virus of PMN stimulation and cytokines secretion. N-Acetyl cysteine or ascorbate have been demonstrated in cell culture to be capable of blocking the expression of HIV-1 after oxidative stress and N-acetyl cysteine inhibits in vitro TNF-induced apoptosis of infected cells. In regard to all these experimental data, few serious and large trials of antioxidants have been conducted in HIV-infected patients, although some preliminary studies using zinc or selenium have been performed. In our opinion it is now time to evaluate in humans the beneficial effect of antioxidants. The more promising candidates for presenting synergistic effects when associated with N-acetyl cysteine seem to be beta-carotene, selenium and zinc.
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PMID:Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in patients infected with HIV. 819 33

Lithium gamma-linolenate (Li-GLA), was evaluated for its activity in selectively killing H9 cells chronically infected with HIV-1RF. After 4 days incubation with Li-GLA approximately 90% of the H9RF cells were non-viable compared to 20% of uninfected H9 cells. The efficacy of the Li-GLA, in preferentially killing HIV infected cells also correlates with lipid peroxidation, as measured by the intracellular thiobarbituric acid-reactive material content. The addition of an antioxidant (vitamin E) to the culture medium reduced the toxicity of Li-GLA. These data indicate that this selective killing effect of cells chronically infected with HIV may be due to the enhanced extent of lipid peroxidation of the added Li-GLA.
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PMID:Lithium gamma-linolenate-induced cytotoxicity against cells chronically infected with HIV-1. 839 48

To investigate nutritional status and heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, we performed a nested case-control study of sexually active, adult women in Kigali, Rwanda. Forty-five women who seroconverted during the 24-month study period were compared to 74 women who remained seronegative throughout the study. Seroconvertors and nonseroconvertors did not differ in preseroconversion serum levels of vitamin A, carotenoids, vitamin E, selenium, albumin, ferritin, or cholesterol. Weight loss, however, was a significant predictor of eventual HIV seroconversion. Subsequent seroconvertors lost an average of 1.5 kg during the first 6 months of the study compared with a 1.0-kg gain (p = 0.001) for nonconvertors. Nine of 27 (33%) seroconvertors, compared with one of 44 (2%) controls, lost at least 5 kg in the 6-month period beginning 1 year before their seroconversion (odds ratio, 21.5, 95% confidence interval 4.1-112). The association between weight loss and seroconversion was independent of other potential risk factors such as socioeconomic status, pregnancy, and genital ulcer disease. In addition to these findings for measured weight loss during follow-up, reported weight loss before enrollment was also a risk factor for subsequent seroconversion. Additional studies of heterosexual HIV transmission are needed to determine whether or not weight loss is causally related to susceptibility for HIV infection.
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PMID:Role of nutritional status and weight loss in HIV seroconversion among Rwandan women. 849 90

On the plasma of 20 children from 1 to 6 years old with HIV infection, the following analyses were carried out: vitamin assays (vitamin E and beta-carotene), hematochemical assays, and immunoassays. From the body of our results it emerged that in the seropositive children considered, in addition to the already well-known alterations of the hematic and immune situation, there is a state of hypovitaminosis involving the most important antioxidant vitamins.
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PMID:Antioxidant vitamins and immunodeficiency. 884 89

We compared the serum levels of beta-carotene, vitamin A (retinol), and vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) in healthy pregnant women and their counterparts who exhibited the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia or eclampsia, including: systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mm Hg, edema, and proteinuria. The study was conducted in the cities of Maiduguri and Bauchi, which are located in the semi-arid northeastern region of Nigeria. Most of the pregnant subjects: (1) were teenagers, though they ranged in age from 14 to 25 years; (2) had 2 or fewer prior pregnancies; and (3) were predominantly of the Muslim faith and members of the Hausa, Fulani, or Kanuri ethnic groups. Few of the women had received prenatal care. Serum levels of vitamins A and E and betacarotene were quantified using high pressure liquid chromatography. The serum vitamin A levels of the 9 preeclamptic women (15.3 mg/dL) and the 7 eclamptic women (8.3 mg/dL) were significantly reduced (p < 0.01) relative to the serum vitamin A levels of healthy women in the third trimester (24.2 mg/dL). For the healthy pregnant controls, the levels of vitamins A and E and beta-carotene were relatively constant throughout pregnancy. The mean serum beta-carotene levels for both the preeclamptic and eclamptic groups of subjects were half as high as those of healthy control women in the third trimester (p = 0.004). The serum vitamin E levels of the preeclamptic and eclamptic women were 15% and 30% lower, respectively, than those of the corresponding controls (p < 0.01). The serum levels of these three lipids in the healthy pregnant and non-pregnant women we studied are similar to values reported by others for North American and European women of childbearing age. These results support the hypothesis that preeclampsia-eclampsia deplete natural lipid antioxidants and suggest that the reduced levels of vitamin A in such women experiencing hypertension of pregnancy, if they happen to be infected with the HIV-1 virus, may place them at increased risk for mother-child transmission of the virus.
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PMID:Serum vitamin A, vitamin E, and beta-carotene levels in preeclamptic women in northern nigeria. 886 47

Dietary intake was assessed in a subsample of a cohort of inner-city injecting drug users (IDUs). In this population of predominantly African-American IDUs, including both HIV -1-infected and noninfected men and women, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a 24-h recall were administered. One hundred seven volunteers participated. Although total caloric intake was consistently higher with the food frequency method, percent of total calories from fat, protein, and carbohydrates were similar between the FFQ and 24-h recall. Spearman's correlations for agreement between the 24-h recall and the FFQ ranged from 0.22 for vitamin E to 0.52 for carbohydrates. HIV-1 seropositives reported higher protein (p = 0.05) and fat (p = 0.02) consumption than seronegatives according to the 24-h recall. The difference in total fat consumption was due to higher intakes of saturated and monounsaturated fats (p = 0.01). Median intakes of vitamins B2 and B12, pantothenic acid (p < or = 0.05), phosphorous (p < or = 0.01), and selenium (p < or = 0.005) were also greater in HIV-1 seropositives. Reported intake of vitamins A and E, calcium, and zinc were below the recommended daily allowances for both HIV-1 seropositives and seronegatives. Although intakes of most nutrients appeared adequate for the group as a whole, extreme ranges were observed and may be the result of imbalanced food selections and day to day variation. Food group analysis indicated low intakes of fruits, vegetables, milk, and milk products. More research is needed to fully understand the implication of dietary habits and nutritional status in the free-living HIV-1-infected and noninfected IDUs.
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PMID:Dietary intake of community-based HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative injecting drug users. 887 58

The age-related decline in immune capacities is largely attributable to a decrease in the ability of activated T lymphocytes to achieve efficient clonal expansion. This in turn reflects a decrease in the expression of both interleukin-2 and its receptor. Nutritional/hormonal measures which up-regulate such expression may thus have a 'rejuvenatory' impact on geriatric immune function. Such measures may include: subtoxic selenium intakes, which increase the inducibility of interleukin-2 receptor; high-dose vitamin E and possibly chromium, which may counteract the down-regulatory effect of cAMP on interleukin-2 activity; as well as carotenoids and ascorbic acid. Restoring more youthful serum levels of the hormones DHEA and melatonin may also have a positive effect in this regard. In addition to their likely value for boosting geriatric immune defenses, these measures deserve evaluation as adjuvants to cancer immunotherapies and to drug treatments for HIV infection.
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PMID:Promotion of interleukin-2 activity as a strategy for 'rejuvenating' geriatric immune function. 904 89

HIV-1 transmission from mother to child has been associated with maternal vitamin A status in studies of women living in Africa. This finding has raised the question of whether vitamin A supplementation might help reduce transmission in the United States as well as worldwide. In industrialized nations, however, both the vitamin A nutritional status of HIV-1-infected pregnant women and the association of vitamin A levels with vertical transmission were unknown. Furthermore, vitamin A is teratogenic, and supplements during pregnancy have caused birth defects. To investigate whether maternal serum levels of vitamin A (retinol) and three other micronutrients correlate with vertical transmission of HIV-1 in the United State, we studied 95 HIV-1-infected pregnant women and followed their infants to determine whether transmission occurred. Sera were obtained during the third trimester of pregnancy from 95 HIV-1-infected women living in the New York and Los Angeles metropolitan areas. The two cohorts were established to study vertical transmission of HIV-1 and to reflect the racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic status of HIV-1-infected in women in the United States. We measured serum levels of vitamin A (retinol) and three other micronutrients, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), beta-carotene, and lycopene, in the mothers using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and determined the HIV-1 infection status of their infants using virus cultivation and polymerase chain reaction. Sixteen of the 95 women transmitted HIV-1 to their infants. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that low maternal serum retinol levels during the third trimester of pregnancy were not associated with mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. None of the women had retinol levels so low as to have clinical symptoms of vitamin A deficiency. The serum levels of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and lycopene, three micronutrients that act as antioxidants and enhance immune function, were also measured. Statistical analysis of the data revealed no association of the levels of these three micronutrients with vertical transmission of HIV-1. Analysis of the data obtained from 95 women in the United States indicates that vitamin A deficiency is rare, and serum retinol levels are not associated with risk of vertical HIV-1 transmission. In view of the teratogenic effects of vitamin A when taken as a supplement during pregnancy, pregnant HIV-1-infected women living in nations where vitamin A deficiency is not a public health problem should not be advised to take extra vitamin A supplements.
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PMID:Maternal serum vitamin A levels are not associated with mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in the United States. 911 73


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