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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The performance of the reusing of test membranes which have been used previously for negative tests for the detection of antibody to HIV (HIVCHEK 1 + 2 of Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Paris, France) was evaluated under field conditions. The sensitivity and specificity of the reusing strategy compared with a HIV determination obtained by using new HIVCHECK 1 + 2 tests were 89.1% and 100%, respectively. The positive predictive value was 100% and the negative predictive value was 91.5%. The authors conclude that the reduction in sensitivity of the reusing strategy in comparison with the use of new tests makes this strategy ethically unacceptable for the detection of HIV infection in blood donors. On the other hand, the reusing strategy could be very useful for diagnostic purpose and for epidemiological HIV surveillance in resource-poor countries.
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PMID:Evaluation of performance of reused HIVCHEK 1 + 2 test blocks which have shown negative result: a reliable method for rural hospital? 777 94

The rate of the detection of the antibodies to HIV-1/2, HTLV-1, the markers of hepatitis B and C viruses and cytomegaloviruses in blood and plasma donors and persons with high risk of the infections was studied. A high percentage of the detection of the antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) was observed in the donors with increased levels of the serum enzymes, hematological patients, hemodialysis patients and drug addicts. A high rate of the indication of the HB virus markers was also observed in hematological patients and medical personnel of hematological and surgical clinics. At least 1 marker of HB virus was shown to be detected per 45 per cent of the reserve donors. The rate of the detection of anti-HCV in the donors of various regions ranged within 1-3 per cent in the Baltic countries, 2-5 per cent in Russia, 5-7 per cent in the Middle Asia and 8-12 per cent in Moldova. The data on the sensitivity and specificity of two commercial test systems for the detection of the antibodies to hepatitis C virus (Ortho, USA and Organon, Holland) were comparable.
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PMID:[The diagnosis and prevention of parenterally transmitted viral infections]. 808 95

The sensitivity and specificity of 13 current anti-HIV-1/HIV-2 screening enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for the detection of anti-HIV in human serum or plasma were investigated by testing against a panel of 454 well-characterised serum or plasma specimens. The panel included specimens confirmed to contain anti-HIV-1 (n = 96), anti-HIV-2 (n = 26), or low levels of anti-HIV (n = 44) as well as specimens collected during HIV-1 seroconversion (n = 73). Specimens from unselected blood donors (n = 80) and samples from patients with a range of pathological conditions (n = 135) were also included. Observed sensitivities ranged from 96.9% (Biochrom, UBI, and Vironostika) to 100% (Biotest, Cambridge Biotech, IAF Biochem, Ortho, and Vidas). For the seroconversion specimens, Biotest, Cambridge Biotech, Ortho, and Vidas were most sensitive. Observed specificities ranged from 89.9% (UBI) to 100% (Biochrom and Ortho). One assay (Ortho HIV 1+2 EIA) achieved maximum sensitivity and specificity, and was one of four assays to detect anti-HIV-1 early in seroconversion. The accuracy of several of the other EIAs was also quite adequate, so additional factors such as convenience and cost can be considered when choosing an assay from the group evaluated.
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PMID:Thirteen current anti-HIV-1/HIV-2 enzyme immunoassays: how accurate are they? 815 4

As women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) will soon account for 1 in 500 gynecological patients in Great Britain, gynecologists have an obligation to become informed about the transmission, clinical manifestations, and management of HIV. Women with HIV infection are at increased risk of lower genital tract neoplasia with extensive cervical, vaginal, and vulvar lesions. There is also a strong association between HIV infection and sexually transmitted diseases involving genital ulcerations. In fact, herpes, warts, and candidiasis may be the initial clinical presentation of HIV infection. Estradiol levels may fall in seropositive women, but, in general, menstruation and ovulation are maintained. Latex condoms remain the only contraceptive choice for HIV-infected women. Sufficient data have not been accumulated on the effectiveness of the female condom, but it has the potential of giving women in developing countries in particular greater control over HIV prevention. Condom use is essential even if both partners are HIV-positive since the acquisition of different HIV strains can accelerate disease progression. Given their higher risk of percutaneous in injury compared to other surgeons, gynecologists should use double gloving and blunt tipped needles and staples.
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PMID:HIV infection and the gynaecologist. 819 89

From October 31 through December 15, 1991, 10 blood donors to the American Red Cross Blood Services, Badger Region (ARCBS), were found to have false-positive screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for antibodies to two or more of the following viruses: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-I), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). An investigation by the Division of Health, Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services (WDOH), and the ARCBS indicated that the risk for false-positive reactivity was associated with antecedent receipt of influenza vaccine formulated for the 1991-92 season. In March 1992, the ARCBS began use of newly available ELISAs for anti-HIV (HIVAB, HIV-1/HIV-2 (rDNA) EIA [Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois]) and anti-HCV (HCV 2.0 ELISA [Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Raritan, New Jersey]), while continuing to test with the ELISA for anti-HTLV-I [HTLV-I ELISA (Abbott Laboratories) used in 1991. From January 1 through October 13, 1992, the ARCBS identified 19 blood donors with repeatedly reactive ELISAs for HTLV-I. However, from October 14 through November 10, 15 false-positive ELISAs for HTLV-I were reported by the ARCBS to the WDOH. As a result of this increase, the ARCBS conducted a case-control study to assess the relation between influenza vaccination and testing positive for HTLV-I. This report summarizes the results of the study.
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PMID:False-positive serologic tests for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I among blood donors following influenza vaccination, 1992. 844 1

Recombinant erythropoietin (Epogen, Amgen Pharmaceuticals; Procrit, Amgen Pharmaceuticals, distributed by Ortho Biotech) is approved for use in anemia associated with HIV infection and treatment. The recommended starting dose is 100 IU/kg iv or sc 3 times per week. Current evidence suggests that anemia in zidovudine-treated patients may be a result of insufficient quantities of erythropoietin, bone marrow unresponsiveness to the hormone, or HIV infection. Among patients receiving zidovudine, a review of the available data suggests that baseline serum erythropoietin concentrations may aid in predicting the response to exogenous hormone administration.
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PMID:Recombinant erythropoietin for zidovudine-induced anemia in AIDS. 852 96

The sensitivity for early detection of HIV antibodies and specificity of 6 anti-HIV-1/HIV-2 screening enzyme immunoassays (ELISAs) currently on the market were investigated by testing a panel of 249 well-characterized serum samples. The panel included sera from AIDS patients or children with congenital HIV infection, high-risk individuals and patients with conditions unrelated to AIDS. 'Tricky' sera (repeatedly positive results by ELISA and negative or indeterminate results by Western blot; n = 69) were also used in this evaluation along with 6 seroconversion panels. One second-generation assay (Biotest) and two third-generation assays (Abbott and Murex) showed the highest sensitivity for early detection of HIV-1 antibodies in seroconversion panels. A high specificity was achieved with the Cambridge Biotech (100%) and Ortho ELISA (99.4%). A relatively high rate of false-positive results was obtained with the Biotest (n = 10) and the Pasteur assays (n = 8) by testing 'tricky' sera and samples from high-risk individuals and from patients with other acute viral infections. In conclusion, it remains difficult to combine high specificity with an accurate detection of early seroconversion for anti-HIV-1/HIV-2 screening enzyme immunoassays.
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PMID:Evaluation of the reliability of 6 current anti-HIV-1/HIV-2 enzyme immunoassays. 857 12

Indeterminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) third-generation recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA3.0; Ortho Diagnostic Systems) patterns were arbitrarily defined by the manufacturer as the detection of only one antibody out of the four that were sought, namely, c100 (NS4 encoded), c22 (core encoded), c33c (NS3 encoded), and NS5 (NS5 encoded). The aims of the present study were (i) to determine the prevalence of indeterminate RIBA3.0 patterns in patients consecutively tested for anti-HCV antibodies in a university hospital; (ii) to evaluate the significance of these patterns in terms of viral replication, liver disease, and risk factors for HCV; and (iii) to get an insight into the mechanism underlying this peculiar immune response. Among 3,074 serum samples consecutively tested for anti-HCV antibodies, 588 were found to be positive by screening assays. Fifty-nine of them (10%) were RIBA3.0 indeterminate and were compared with 59 RIBA3.0-positive ones. Thirty-one RIBA3.0-indeterminate and 53 RIBA3.0-positive serum samples were HCV RNA positive by PCR (53 versus 90%; P < 10(-6). RIBA3.0-indeterminate and RIBA-3.0-positive patients with positive PCR results were not significantly different for the prevalence of risk factors for HCV infection and elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activities. Immunosuppression, attributable to coexisting human immunodeficiency virus infection, organ transplantation, or the administration of immunosuppressive drugs, was significantly more frequent in PCR-positive, RIBA3.0-indeterminate patients than in PCR-negative, RIBA3.0 indeterminate patients (P < 0.001) and PCR-positive patients with a positive RIBA3.0 result (P < 0.01). The distribution of HCV genotypes did not differ significantly between HCV RNA-positive patients with indeterminate or positive RIBA3.0 results. In conclusion, the prevalence of indeterminate RIBA3.0 patterns in virology laboratories is about 10%; in about half of these patients HCV replication is detected by PCR; the main factor responsible for indeterminate RIBA3.0 patterns could be immunosuppression, whereas HCV genotypes do not seem to play major role.
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PMID:Significance of indeterminate third-generation hepatitis C virus recombinant immunoblot assay. 874 78

Controls were performed using a common internal panel specific for anti-HIV, anti-HTLV and HBs Ag. During the past 32 months, 5 anti-HIV1 + 2 antibody kits (Abbott, Behring, Biotest, Murex D. and Organon T., total of 199 lots), 4 anti-HTLV I/II antibody kits (Abbott, Murex D., Organon T. and Ortho C.D., total of 153 lots) and 5 HBs Ag kits (Abbott, S.D. Pasteur, Murex D., Organon T. and Ortho C.D., total of 244 lots) were used and controlled by the 14 participating laboratories. Analysis of the results showed the values obtained for the most representative sample of each panel to be within the limits m +/- 2 SD in 95 to 100% of the HIV1 + 2 kits, in 94 to 97% of the HTLV kits and in 92 to 100% of the HBs Ag kits. The specificity of the kits evaluated was on an average equal or superior to 99.5%, as required by the French Drug Agency in a blood donor population.
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PMID:[Assessment of 32 months of continuous control of detection kits for anti-HIV and anti-HTLV antibodies and Hbs antigen used most commonly in transfusion biology. Retrovirus Study Group and Viral Hepatitis Study Group]. 916 25

The purpose of this research was to determine if the accuracy of HIV saliva and serum test results were influenced by changes in collection sites. In order to do so, serum and saliva samples were collected from 615 subjects in eight different geographic settings. The oral fluid collection/testing systems utilized were the Orapette SalivaCard HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody test (Trinity Biotech, Ireland) and the Omni-SAL/ImmunoComb II HIV 1 & 2 Saliva Test (Orgenics Ltd, Israel). For comparison, serum samples were tested by ELISA (Ortho) with reactive results confirmed via HIV-1 and HIV-2 Western blots (Biotech/Dupont, Institute Pasteur). The HIV serum and oral fluid collections were conducted in numerous test sites, which provided a great diversity in temperature, lighting and physical layout. The tests proved to be 99.8% and 100% specific, and both were 100% sensitive, regardless of the physical setting of the collections. While these systems are not currently available in the US, this study clearly demonstrates they can accurately be utilized in a variety of clinical settings, providing great promise for future applications.
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PMID:Clinical applications of two detection systems for HIV using saliva. 945 64


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