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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To analyze the mechanism of Tat-mediated HIV pathogenicity, we produced a Drosophila melanogaster strain transgenic for HIV-tat gene and induced the expression of the protein during Drosophila development. By in vitro and in vivo experiments, we demonstrated that Tat specifically binds to tubulin via the MAP-binding domain of tubulin, and that this interaction delays the polymerization of tubulin and induces a premature stop to microtubule-dependent cytoplasmic streaming. The delay in the polymerization of microtubules, the tracks for the transport of the axes determinants, alters the positioning of the dorso-ventral axis as shown by the mislocalization of Gurken and Kinesin in oocyte of Drosophila after Tat induction. These results validate the use of Drosophila as a tool to study the molecular mechanism of viral gene products and suggest that Tat-tubulin interaction is responsible for neurodegenerative diseases associated with AIDS.
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PMID:A Drosophila model of HIV-Tat-related pathogenicity. 1168 12

A cyclic closed-chain dodecapeptide (cDDR5) mimicking the conformation-specific domain of CCR5 was prepared in which Gly-Asp, as a dipeptide forming a spacer arm, links the amino and carboxyl termini of the decapeptidyl linear chain (Arg(168) to Thr(177)) derived from the undecapeptidyl arch (UPA; Arg(168) to Cys(178)) of extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) in CCR5. Novel monoclonal antibodies were raised against cDDR5 conjugated with a multiple-antigen peptide (cDDR5-MAP), and the purified antibody [KB8C12, immunoglobulin M(kappa)] reacted with cDDR5, but not with linear DDR5, in real-time biomolecular interaction analysis using surface plasmon resonance. The antibody also reacted with cells expressing CCR5, but not with cells expressing CXCR4, and the immunoreaction was competed by cDDR5-MAP. The antibody significantly interfered with chemotaxis induced by macrophage inflammatory protein, 1beta, and at a concentration of 1.67 nM it almost completely inhibited infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) R5, but not by HIV-1 X4, as observed by use of a new phenotypic assay for drug susceptibility of HIV-1 using the CCR5-expressing HeLa CD4(+) cell clone 1-10 (MAGIC-5). Furthermore, cDDR5-MAP suppressed infection by HIV-1 R5 at relatively high concentrations (50 to 400 microM) in a dose-dependent manner but did not suppress infection by HIV-1 X4. Taken together, these results indicate that the antibody is conformation specific and recognizes the conformation-specific domain of the UPA of ECL2. Moreover, both the antibody and its immunogen, the cDDR5-MAP conjugate, may be useful in developing a new candidate vaccine for HIV therapy.
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PMID:A cyclic dodecapeptide-multiple-antigen peptide conjugate from the undecapeptidyl arch (from Arg(168) to Cys(178)) of extracellular loop 2 in CCR5 as a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine. 1168 43

Couples in the Philippines are free to choose the family planning method that best satisfies their health needs and religious beliefs. All service delivery outlets of the Philippines Department of Health and participating agencies should have all approved, safe, effective, and legal family planning methods available. Oral contraceptives (OCs), IUDs, tubal ligation, and vasectomy are at least 92% effective. OCs protect against pelvic infection and reduce the risk of ovarian and uterine cancer. Older OC users who smoke face an increased risk of blood clotting, stroke, and heart attack. The progestogen-only pill is the best OC for lactating women. The IUD can be effective for 6 years assuming no pain or other side effects. Breast feeding mothers can use the IUD safely. IUD contraindications are anemia, active cervical or pelvic infection, abnormal vaginal bleeding, and genital cancer. Condoms protect against pregnancy as well as sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS. When practiced correctly, natural family planning methods are 70-90% effective. They are the cervical mucus method, basal body temperature method, sympto-thermal method, and breast feeding. Norplant contraceptive implants are available to Philippine women on a trial basis. They release a progestin slowly into the blood stream, suppressing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. The long-acting contraceptive injectables are DMPA, Cycloprovera, and HRP 102. Women must receive an injection every 3 months to protect against pregnancy. The first injection should occur within the first 5 days of the menstrual cycle. Women choosing tubal ligation and men choosing vasectomy should be sure in their decision because they are permanent methods and sterilization reversal procedures are rare in the Philippines. Men with diabetes, an infection at the incision site, clotting disorders, enlarged or painful testicles, and an inguinal hernia should not have a vasectomy.
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PMID:The family planning methods. 1217 21

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has notified the manufacturers of oral contraceptives, IUDs implantable and injectable contraceptives, and natural membrane (lambskin) condoms that labeling accompanying their products must state in clear language displayed prominently that they do not provide protection from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including AIDS. FDA is taking this action as part of ongoing education efforts to reduce the risk of HIV infection and other STDs in sexually active individuals, particularly adolescents and young adults. Since 1987, FDA has strongly recommended that the labeling on latex condoms provide information regarding their effectiveness in preventing pregnancy and protecting users from STDs. Oral contraceptives, Norplant, Depo Provera, natural membrane (lambskin) condoms, and IUDs are intended to prevent pregnancy and do not protect against HIV infection (AIDS) and other STDs. If used properly, latex condoms will help to reduce the risk of transmission of HIV infection (AIDS) and many other STDs. This message is to appear on individual condom wrappers, as well as on the outer package. FDA, is conjunction with the National Institutes of Health and the national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is currently reviewing the scientific literature to determine whether the labeling for other contraceptives, such as spermicides, cervical caps, diaphragms, and the newly approved female condom should be changed as well.
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PMID:New labeling to provide information about contraceptives and STDs. 1228 98

Researchers are developing new progestin-only contraceptives that are more appealing and may improve safety for certain users than such existing progestin methods as injectables (e.g., DMPA), the contraceptive implant Norplant, and progestin-only contraceptive pills (POPs). Progestin-only vaginal methods (rings and suppositories) allow users control over when to start and to discontinue their use. After removal of vaginal rings, the progestin level decreases within 24 hours and fertility returns quickly. Potential concerns about rings include expulsion, interference with intercourse, cervical changes, vaginal irritation, infection, and that they are more expensive to produce than other methods. A vaginal suppository being developed by the Contraceptive Research and Development Program is inserted daily, regardless of intercourse, and releases the natural female hormone progesterone. New implant systems should ease insertion and removal (e.g., a 2- or 1- rod vs. the existing 6-rod system) or avoid the need for removal (e.g., 4-5 biodegradable rice-grain-sized capsules of norethindrone and cholesterol). New injectable contraceptives have a lower amount of hormone than do other injectables without compromising the high contraceptive effectiveness. There is a need for more research on long-term effects of progestins (e.g., cardiovascular effects) as well as on whether progestins affect HIV transmission and whether DMPA has any effect on bone density. Another issue is how to reduce menstrual irregularities among users of progestin-only methods. The US National Institute of Child Health and Development has commissioned five new studies to address menstrual irregularities. The new progestin Nestorone (ST-1435), may be more beneficial for lactating mothers because it is not readily absorbed into an infant's system. It is being used for vaginal rings, implants, and a transdermal contraceptive cream. The IUD that releases levonorgestrel may prevent pregnancy for up to five years.
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PMID:New approaches seek greater safety, appeal. 1228 31

Key issues that must be considered before a new contraceptive is introduced center on the need for a trained provider to begin or terminate the method, its side effects, duration of use, method's ability to meet users' needs and preferences, and extra training or staff requirements. Logistics and economic issues to consider are identifying a dependable way of effectively supplying commodities, planning extra services needed for the method, and cost of providing the method. Each contraceptive method presents a different side effect pattern and burdens the service delivery setting differently. The strategy developed to introduce or expand the 3-month injectable Depo-Provera (DMPA) can be used for any method. It includes a needs assessment and addresses regulatory issues, service delivery policies and procedures, information and training, evaluation, and other concerns. Viet Nam's needs assessment showed that Norplant should not be introduced until the service delivery system becomes stronger. Any needs assessment for expansion of contraceptive services should cover sexually transmitted disease/HIV issues. A World Health Organization strategy helps officials identify the best method mix for local situations. Introductory strategies must aim to improve the quality of family planning programs and expand choices. Many begin by examining existing data and conducting interviews with policymakers, users, providers, and women's health advocates. Introductory programs for Norplant focus on provider training, adequate counseling and informed consent for users, and ready access to removal. They need a well-prepared service delivery infrastructure. The first phase of the DMPA introductory strategy for the Philippines comprised a social marketing campaign and DMPA introduction at public clinics in 10 pilot areas with strong service delivery. Successful AIDS prevention programs show that people tend to use barrier methods when they are available. USAID is currently studying whether or not women in developing countries will use the female condom.
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PMID:Introduction strategies raise key questions. 1229 Apr 71

Among 30-40 year old women, 40% of pregnancies are unplanned, which is indicative of the unreliability of the birth control methods they are using. The 1992 Ortho Birth Control Study interviewed almost 7000 women, of whom 8% listed withdrawal and 4% listed the rhythm method. These two methods have failure rates of 24% and 19%, respectively. Birth control methods often disappoint the users and increasingly they turn to sterilization. 48% of married women aged 15-44 had themselves been sterilized or had a sterilized partner in the Ortho survey. Although reversal of tubal ligation succeeds in 43-88% of cases, conception cannot be guaranteed. For women over the age of 30 who are healthy and do not smoke, low-estrogen or no-estrogen oral contraceptive pills are considered safe. Taking the pill also helps prevent ovarian and endometrial cancer. The failure rate is 6%. Barrier methods also offer protection from sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. Condoms are favored by 33% of unmarried women and 19% of married women. Sexually active 40-44 year old unmarried women run a 14-19% risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease (STD) in a 12-month period. Diaphragms offer some protection against STDs, but their failure rate is 18%. IUDs are regaining popularity, but only 1% of women use them (ParaGard T380A or Progestasert). Pelvic inflammatory disease is the reason: a 1992 study showed that 0.97% of women developed it within 20 days of use. Norplant is a long-term implant containing levonorgestrel with a failure rate of 0.5%. A 1993 study followed 1253 implant users over 12 months and found a very low rate of pregnancy, but 75% experienced some side effects during the first year. About half of the women using Norplant removed it after 2.5 years because of irregular bleeding. Depo-Provera is an injectable administered every 3 months, but after removal it can take up to a year for ovulation to return. Side effects may include hair loss and weight gain; and links to breast cancer have also been suggested.
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PMID:Birth control over 30. 1229 85

By the end of 1997, an estimated 20.8 million people in sub-Saharan Africa were infected with HIV, 68% of all HIV infections. At the Tenth Annual International Conference on STDs and AIDS in Africa held in Abidjan in 1997, the MAP network continued its series of pre-conference symposia on the shape and status of HIV/AIDS in the various continents. The outcome of the Abidjan symposium was then published in a provisional report made available to the main conference's participants. The main conclusions of the symposium with regard to the following areas and subjects are presented: West Africa, Central Africa, the Horn of Africa, Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, life expectancy, HIV/AIDS and STDs, data, determinants of the spread of HIV, the relative importance of determinants, poverty, understanding determinants, the national response, children and the spread of HIV, and the future.
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PMID:Where are we heading with HIV / AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa? The status and trends of HIV / AIDS / STD epidemics. 1229 90

Throughout the early 1990s, most religious groups in Kenya either ignored AIDS or explained it as the result of aberrant or immoral behavior. Religious leaders were divided over the epidemic and how to deal with it. MAP International, a nonprofit Christian relief and development organization, developed and launched the MAP Kenya HIV/AIDS Project to teach pastors the facts about HIV/AIDS and encourage them to discuss the subject with their parishioners. Awareness packets were sent to pastors with sermon outlines on HIV/AIDS, explaining that AIDS affects the entire community, that people should be compassionate to those with AIDS, and that care should be offered to the sick. Parishioners should protect themselves from HIV by avoiding extramarital and premarital sex. A powerful grassroots campaign based in the churches and communities has now been created.
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PMID:HIV / AIDS and the Church: Kenyan religious leaders become partners in prevention. 1232 Oct 28

The reproductive health needs of rural women in Bali, Indonesia, were investigated through a survey conducted in 1995 in three of Bali's eight districts and focus group discussions with 23 nurse-midwives who serve the target population. Mean age at marriage was 21.0 years and mean age at first intercourse was 20.9 years. 85.1% of the 295 survey respondents were using a modern contraceptive method, primarily the IUD and Depo-Provera. Only 10.6% of respondents had ever used a condom. Of the 163 women who had ever experienced an adverse reproductive health symptom (e.g., vaginal discharge), 69 (42.3%) did not seek help from a medical provider. Among those who sought medical attention, 55 (58.5%) went to the community health center, 47 (50%) saw a private practice nurse, and 25 (26.6%) consulted a private practice doctor. 73.1% of respondents were satisfied with women's health services available in their area and 94.5% of ever-users of contraception were satisfied with family planning services. However, women indicated a need for more information on AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). 52.2% of women had never received any information about AIDS and 69% had not been counseled about STDs. The nurse-midwives reported they had never received special training in STDs and HIV/AIDS and did not feel equipped to respond to patients presenting with symptoms or questions. The strong health-seeking behavior and basic satisfaction with health care services documented in this study provide a good basis for strengthening reproductive health care programs in Bali.
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PMID:Reproductive health in Bali, Indonesia: findings from a needs assessment survey among rural women. 1232 19


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