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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

While much of the current literature concurs that neuropsychological decline does not occur among gay men in the early stages of HIV infection, there is no comparable body of evidence with regard to seropositive intravenous drug users (IVDU). In this study, 45 seropositive (CDC groups 2, 3, and 4a) IVDU in recovery and 55 seronegative IVDU in recovery were given a complete battery of neuropsychological tests measuring attention, language, visual-motor, memory, and conceptual skills. The groups were not significantly different in age, incidence of childhood and adult head injury, types of drugs used, length of use of cocaine, crack, amphetamines and hallucinogens, overdose history, and length of time in recovery. In addition, groups were statistically corrected for education level and length of heroin use. Results indicate that the seropositive participants scored significantly lower on measures of divided attention, visual short-term memory, graphomotor speed and accuracy, auditory language shortterm memory and abstract concept formation. Further analyses revealed that 18% of participants with Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy (CDC group III) and 27% of those with constitutional disease (CDC group IVa) were neuropsychologically impaired, as their performance was two standard deviations or more below the normative mean on two or more measures. These results are similar to the reported performance of gay men with full-blown AIDS in a number of studies. It is hypothesized that because of premorbid neurological insult, the toxic effects of drug abuse on brain tissue, and the immunosuppressive effects of the drugs, subcortical brain cells of IVDU are more vulnerable to the invasion of HIV, and neurological deterioration may occur at earlier stages of HIV Spectrum Disease in IVDU than in gay men.
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PMID:Neuropsychological impairment among intravenous drug users in pre-AIDS stages of HIV infection. 134 38

A growing number of cases of HIV infection and AIDS in the U.S. have been reported among intravenous drug users and their sexual partners. This increase in cases has begun to have a significant impact on substance abuse treatment programs; in addition to the complexities of HIV education and counseling, the staff of such programs must deal with their own fears regarding HIV infection, since many experientially trained staff are, themselves, former IV drug users. Other staff members may experience irrational anxiety about working HIV-infected clients, due to the fear of workplace exposure to the virus. In order to assess the extent and nature of such anxieties among its staff, Spectrum House, Inc., a comprehensive substance abuse treatment program, administered a Staff AIDS Survey in 1986 and again in 1987. Responses reflected a marked decrease in staff anxieties relating to workplace transmission of HIV during the 14-month period between surveys, seemingly related to both the implementation of AIDS education and an increase in contact with HIV positive clients. Those staff members whose contact with HIV positive clients remained infrequent between surveys, however, continued to show higher levels of fear about casual contact and workplace exposure to HIV. These results indicate that increased staff-client interaction may be an effective addition to other forms of staff AIDS education in substance abuse treatment programs.
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PMID:Drug treatment staff attitudes toward AIDS and workplace transmission of HIV: a survey and follow-up--Spectrum House, Inc. 166 68

Recent data from our laboratory showed that the CD4:CD8 cell ratio increased significantly during in vitro culture of unstimulated mononuclear cells (MC) from HIV-infected persons. To test the hypothesis that this increase reflected a decline in CD8 cell levels, changes in CD4 and CD8 cell levels during culture of MC were assessed quantitatively. These analyses were accomplished using a Spectrum III flow cytometer, which analyzes a constant volume (0.02 ml) of cell suspension. The number of cells counted within this volume (termed the sip count) thus reflects the cell number in the suspension. To establish day 0 sip counts, aliquots consisting of 200,000 lymphocytes were treated with monoclonal antibodies, resuspended in 1 ml of buffer, and analyzed. Also on day 0, identical cell aliquots were placed in microtiter wells and cultured for 3 days. Cells retrieved from individual wells were then analyzed as on day 0. The mean relative recoveries (RR) of lymphocytes, CD4 cells, and CD8 cells were significantly lower in the HIV group (N = 28) than in the control group (N = 26). For the HIV group, CD8 cell RR was significantly lower than CD4 cell RR. Dual-color analyses showed that CD4 cell loss in the HIV group did not occur preferentially within CD4 subsets defined by Leu 8 or CD45R expression. Similarly, CD8 cell loss did not occur preferentially within CD8 subsets defined by Leu 7 expression. In contrast, CD8 cell loss did preferentially affect Leu 8-, CD45R-, and HLA-DR+ CD8 subsets, compared to the reciprocal CD8 subsets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Preferential loss of Leu 8-, CD45R, HLA-DR+ CD8 cell subsets during in vitro culture of mononuclear cells from human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV)-seropositive former blood donors. 248 44

Using monoclonal antibodies against CD2, CD4, CD8 and CD19 antigens and an automated biotin-avidin immunoperoxidase technique on whole blood samples, we evaluated the technical performance and clinical usefulness of lymphocyte subset counting by the routine hematology analyzer Technicon H*1. Statistical evaluation demonstrated excellent precision and very good correlation with the immunofluorimetric flow cytometer Ortho Spectrum III. Correlation between manual immunofluorescence at the microscope and the H*1 method was much poorer, owing to the high intrinsic imprecision of the manual method. Reference ranges obtained with the H*1 immunoperoxidase method in 44 healthy subjects closely matched those obtained with the Spectrum III. In 46 subjects with or at risk for HIV infection, we found with the H*1 method a significant decrease in CD4+ cells and in the CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio, which was progressively more marked in HIV- negative patients with lymphadenopathic syndrome, AIDS-related complex, and in patients with full-blown AIDS.
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PMID:Lymphocyte subset counting by immunoperoxidase using an automated routine hematologic analyzer. 250 Nov 67

Lymphocytes from patients with antibodies against the AIDS associated human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV-1) have elevated concentrations of polyamines. Spermidine and spermine are similar in amount in patients with Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy (PGL) and overt AIDS, while putrescine is much higher in the latter. Spermidine-acetyltransferase activity is also increased in lymphocytes from patients with PGL. Diamine-oxidase activity is decreased in serum of patients with PGL, but not in those with AIDS.
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PMID:Polyamines in lymphocytes from patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus. 250 11

A distinguishing feature of the Spectrum III flow cytometer is its capacity to analyze a constant volume of cell suspension. The authors have capitalized on this feature to directly and simultaneously measure the absolute numbers of all lymphocytes and CD4+ lymphocytes per microliter of peripheral blood. The study group consisted of 42 hospital patients, 12 former blood donors seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and 12 HIV-seronegative donors. Regression analysis revealed a highly significant correlation (r = 0.97) between Spectrum lymphocyte counts and lymphocyte counts determined by a Coulter Counter S-Plus IV. Similarly, Spectrum CD4 cell counts were significantly correlated (r = 0.98) with CD4 cell counts calculated from the Coulter lymphocyte counts and % CD4+ lymphocytes determined by flow cytometry. These findings indicate that the absolute numbers of lymphocytes and subsets of lymphocytes in peripheral blood can be rapidly and simultaneously measured by flow cytometry. Such an assay should prove useful in studies of HIV infection, where total lymphocyte and CD4 cell levels are important parameters for clinical staging and assessing responses to treatment.
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PMID:Simultaneous determination of absolute total lymphocyte and CD4+ lymphocyte levels in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. 256 66

The fundamental role played by reverse transcriptase (RT) in the replication of retroviruses has made this enzyme a key target in the chemotherapy of HIV infection. Since the replicative cycle of HIV is interrupted by RT inhibitors, the inhibition of HIV RT is currently considered as a useful approach in the prophylaxis and intervention of AIDS. The MeOH and water extracts of 41 medicinal plants used in Egyptian folk medicine were evaluated for their HIV-1 RT inhibitory effects, and inhibitory substances were identified from the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica that showed a potent inhibitory activity to HIV-1-RT. The enzyme activity was determined by the amount of tritium labeled-substrate incorporation into a polymer fraction in the presence of a template-primer. Of the plant materials tested, the fruits of Phyllanthus emblica L. (MeOH extract), Quercus pedunculata (MeOH and water extracts), Rumex cyprius (MeOH and water extracts), Terminalia bellerica (MeOH and water extracts), Terminalia chebula (MeOH and water extracts), and Terminalia horrida (MeOH extract) showed significant inhibitory activity with IC50 of 2-49 mcg/ml. However, in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA), the inhibitory potency of most of the extracts, except for P. emblica (MeOH extract) and T. chebula (water extract), was appreciably reduced by nonspecific binding of their ingredients with BSA. Through a bioassay guided-fractionation of the methanol extract of the fruit of P. emblica, putranjivain A (1) was isolated as a potent inhibitory substance with IC50 = 3.9 mcM, together with 1,6-di-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (2), 1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (3), kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside (4), quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside (5), and digallic acid (6). The inhibitory mode of action by 1, 2, and 6 was noncompetitive with respect to the substrate but competitive with respect to a template-primer. Furthermore, the stereochemistry of 1 was established in this paper by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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PMID:Inhibitory effects of Egyptian folk medicines on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase. 754 17

Two different groups of HLA-B specificities were associated with two contrasting outcomes of HIV-1 infection. HLA-B45, -B49, and -B50 were each found at a moderately increased frequency among individuals responding to HIV-1 infection with a marked circulating and infiltrative CD8 T-cell lymphocytosis, a slow rate of CD4 T-cell decline, very low frequency of opportunistic infections, and low viral strain heterogeneity. In contrast, among HIV-infected individuals with more rapid progression to opportunistic infections, HLA-B35 was found to be increased in frequency and to act as a dominant marker for this adverse outcome. HLA-B45, -B49, and -B50 contain identical peptide-anchoring "B" and "C-terminal" pocket structures, which differ greatly from those present in HLA-B35, implying that different immunogenic peptides are likely to be bound by these two groups of alleles. Placing HLA-B45, -B49, and -B50 into one structurally defined group revealed a much stronger and statistically significant association with the CD8 lymphocytosis syndrome (OR = 5.3, p = 0.0005). The B pocket structure in these alleles contains an easily accessible lysine residue at position 45, suggesting that the P2 or P3 anchor residue of a bound peptide is negatively charged. Additionally, by observing the effect on the ORs of adding structures containing amino acid substitutions in the C-terminal pocket of HLA-B45, -B49, and -B50, this region was also shown to influence susceptibility to this host response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Grouping HLA-B locus serologic specificities according to shared structural motifs suggests that different peptide-anchoring pockets may have contrasting influences on the course of HIV-1 infection. 775 Nov 63

The Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention at the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has several observational databases through which it collects individual level data that can be used to evaluate the spectrum of HIV-related diseases and the utilization of HIV-related health care services. The HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS) is a multisite, prospective cohort study of HIV-infected women and uninfected women reporting HIV risk behavior. By interview, clinical examination, specimen collection and storage, laboratory testing, and medical record abstraction. HERS is examining the manifestations, correlates and predictors of HIV disease in women. In addition to the basic visits, a variety of nested studies are under way and several more are planned. Three additional observational databases collect individual level data primarily through systematic medical record abstraction. The Adult Spectrum of Disease (ASD) Study and the Pediatric Spectrum of Disease (PSD) Study collect data from a national sample of hospital and clinic medical records. The ASD also has a supplementary interview administered to consenting patients with new AIDS diagnoses in a subset of their study sites. The HIV Out-Patient Study (HOPS) collects data from an electronic charting system on outpatient findings and clinical care for patients attending a national sample of infectious disease clinics.
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PMID:The HIV Epidemiology Research Study, HIV Out-Patient Study, and the Spectrum of Disease Studies. 958 46

The AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta (ARCA) is a nonprofit-making community-based clinical and epidemiologic research unit serving a population of more than 15,000 patients with HIV infection. This database derives from a core based on the Centers for Disease Control Adult Spectrum of Disease Study (ADS), of which ARCA is the oldest and largest site. The ARCA includes a variety of data distinct from the ADS database and was initiated in recognition of the need for a more local registry of patients to address therapeutic approaches and needs appropriate for the immediate community. Potential uses for this database include evaluation of the natural history of HIV, therapeutic efficacy, and drug safety.
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PMID:The AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta database. 958 47


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