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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ability of various known anti-HIV antivirals to inhibit four different strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a strain of type 2 (HIV-2), and a human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) was tested. The tested substances included two sulfated polysaccharides (lentinan sulfate and dextran sulfate) and a nonsulfated polysaccharide PSK, E-P-LEM, glycyrrhizin sulfate, and nucleoside analogues (AZT and DHT). The effects of the substances were measured quantitatively with two different assays: (i) inhibition of cell-free viral infection and (ii) inhibition of the fusion reaction induced by cell-to-cell infection. The results showed that cell-free infection of HIV-1 and HIV-2 was almost completely blocked in the presence of all of the substances tested. However, cell-to-cell infection by HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-I was inhibited only by the polysaccharides, E-P-LEM, and glycyrrhizin sulfate but not by the two nucleoside analogues. Moreover, the extent of inhibition of the fusion reaction by the substances varied significantly from strain to strain in HIV-1.
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PMID:Antiviral agents with activity against human retroviruses. 247 23

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the marketing of five new drugs for treatment of HIV infection. Stavudine (D4T; Zerit -- Bristol-Myers Squibb) and lamivudine (3TC; Epivir -- Glaxo Wellcome) are nucleoside analogs similar to zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddI) and zalcitabine (ddC). Saquinavir (Invirase -- Roche), ritonavir (Norvir -- Abbott) and indinavir (Crixivan -- Merck) are protease inhibitors, a new class of anti-HIV drugs.
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PMID:New drugs for HIV infection. 860 77

The intact cervicovaginal mucosa is a relative barrier to the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque model of HIV infection, seronegative transient viremia (STV; virus isolation positive followed by repeated negative cultures) occurs after intravaginal inoculation of a low dose of pathogenic SIVmac251 (C. J. Miller, M. Marthas, J. Torten, N. Alexander, J. Moore, G. Doncel, and A. Hendrickx, J. Virol. 68:6391-6400, 1994). Thirty-one adult female macaques that had been inoculated intravaginally with pathogenic SIVmac251 became transiently viremic. One monkey that had been culture negative for a year after SIV inoculation became persistently viremic and developed simian AIDS. No other STV monkey developed persistent viremia or disease. Results of very sensitive assays showed that 6 of 31 monkeys had weak SIV-specific antibody responses. SIV-specific antibodies were not detected in the cervicovaginal secretions of 10 STV monkeys examined. Twenty of 26 monkeys had lymphocyte proliferative responses to p55(gag) and/or gp130(env) antigens; 3 of 6 animals, including the monkey that became persistently viremic, had detectable cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to SIV. At necropsy, lymphoid tissues and vaginal mucosa were virus culture negative, but in 10 of 10 animals, SIV provirus was detected by PCR using gag-specific primer pairs. Fifty percent of the PCR-positive tissue samples were also positive for SIV gag RNA by reverse transcriptase PCR. Thus, transient viremia following intravaginal inoculation of pathogenic SIV is associated with persistent, systemic infection, either latent or very low level productive. Atypical immune responses, characterized by lymphocyte proliferation and some CTL responses in the absence of conventionally detectable antibodies, develop in transiently viremic monkeys.
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PMID:Occult systemic infection and persistent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD4(+)-T-cell proliferative responses in rhesus macaques that were transiently viremic after intravaginal inoculation of SIV. 981 41

There are a range of options and common practices available for initiating anti-HIV therapies. The first-line treatment for patients whose T-cells drop below 500 is AZT (Retrovir). For those who cannot tolerate AZT, or whose T-cells drop, several alternatives are available. ddI (Videx), ddC (Hivid), d4T (Zerit), and 3TC (lamivudine) are all antiretroviral options to be taken alone or in selected combinations. Two combinations to note that are not recommended include ddI with ddC (because of side effects), and d4T with ddC (Bristol-Myers says not to combine them). In addition, nevirapine, not yet approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), may show some benefit in combination with other drugs.
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PMID:A consumer's guide to fighting HIV. 1136 71

AIDS patients are able to double their life expectancies after diagnosis. Drug treatment, an integral part in creating this improvement in life expectancy, consists of antiretroviral drugs, drugs that treat and prevent opportunistic diseases, and therapies that treat specific symptoms of AIDS, such as wasting or anemia. Five available drugs for treating HIV are AZT (Retrovir), ddI (Videx), ddC (Hivid), d4T (Zerit), and 3TC (lamivudine). Findings from studies for each drug in such areas as the drug's purpose, dosage level, effectiveness, and side effects are examined.
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PMID:What we know about anti-HIV drugs. 1136 92

New data on a study, sponsored by Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), showed beneficial effects of d4T in patients with prolonged previous treatment with AZT. d4T (also known as stavudine or Zerit) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June, 1994, for patients with a history of intolerance or failure on AZT therapy. Results of this trial of AZT pre-treated patients, known as 019, demonstrated a delay in clinical disease progression. In quality of life terms, the group taking d4T scored better in all areas than those taking AZT. However, the rates of peripheral neuropathy and liver enzyme elevations were higher for d4T than for AZT. Other d4T data from the parallel track program which compared two doses of d4T and measured survival, showed that d4t can be administered safely to patients with advanced disease and that a higher dose may be slightly superior to the lower dose. Also, there appears to be an emergence of d4T-resistant strains of HIV, although it appears to be slow to develop. Overall, d4T seems to be superior to ddI or ddC in terms of both efficacy and toxicity given the results of the BMS 019 study.
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PMID:Reappraising d4T. 1136 86

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended full approval for d4T (Zerit). Accelerated approval was granted in June 1994 when the antiretroviral drug was proven to increase CD4 counts in people with advanced HIV disease. A phase III study found that d4T, taken by 822 patients over 32 months, produced a 15 percent decrease in HIV progression. Since the results were not statistically significant, three of the seven members on the FDA committee voted not to grant full approval of d4T, instead it was approved as equivalent to AZT.
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PMID:FDA looks at full approval for d4T. Food and Drug Administration. 1136 31

Scientists have tried to inhibit or slow down the HIV virus ever since the virus was identified as the cause of AIDS. Although the efforts have not produced a long-term solution, significant progress has been made. There is a correlation between the increase in HIV levels and the advanced state of the disease. Antiviral therapies are discussed, including when to start the treatment, what drugs to use, and how to find out if the treatment is working. Some of the drugs seem to stop the replication of the HIV virus; however, they do not eradicate the virus. AZT (zidovudine/Retrovir), ddI (didadosine/Videx), ddC (zalcitabine/Hivid), d4T (stavudine/Zerit) and 3TC (lamivudine/Epivir) are some of the most common drugs on the market today. Information on research, side effects, doses, interactions with other drugs, and where to get these drugs is provided. Protease inhibitors, another type of drug, include saquinavir, ritonavir and indinavir (Crixivan). Much research has been done with these drugs, however, they are very difficult to produce. The combination of AZT and 3TC have shown positive results, and the future of antiviral therapies seems to be heading toward combination therapy.
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PMID:[ABC of the antivirals] Project Inform. 1136 92

Dual NRTI combinations are still a major part of three or four HIV drug regimens, and a study is presented that outlines results of dual NRTI combination therapies. The highlighted study explores the use of Videx (ddI) and Zerit (d4T) in combination with Epivir (3TC) and AZT. Tables present viral load changes at 24 weeks and 48 weeks indicating superior performance in the d4T/3TC combination.
HIV Hotline 1998 Mar
PMID:Choosing NRTI combinations. 1136 60

Several clinical trials are underway for both adults and children. ACTG 377 is studying four different drug combinations in pediatric patients up to 17 years of age. The drugs are 3TC (Epivir, lamivudine), d4T (Zerit, stavudine), nelfinavir (Viracept), nevirapine (Viramune), and ritonavir (Norvir). The Phase I/II study is testing for safety and efficacy. FDA 285A is studying the experimental second generation protease inhibitor ABT-378, in combination with ritonavir and 3TC or d4T. Researchers at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) are studying the effectiveness of once-daily dosing of ddI in combination with d4T, in treatment-naive people, and they are also pursuing a study to determine where HIV hides in the body. Enrollment criteria and contact information are included for each study.
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PMID:Drug studies for children and adults. 1136 82


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