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A summary of events at the Second International Conference for Non-Governmental Organizations working on AIDS, held in Paris November 1-4, 1990 is presented with comments on the effectiveness of arrangement, planning and sessions. The meeting was fraught with obstacles, the worst of which was a change of venue from San Francisco to Paris at the last minute, with serious consequences to speakers whose U.S. travel funds had to be found elsewhere. The goal of the conference was to facilitate international networking among AIDS Service, national and regional organizations. To this end 44 sessions were held informally. Plenary sessions were marked by moving presentations of such items as an international memorial quilt, and topics such as how children and women are affected by HIV, and how human rights abuses are often unseen. The need for solidarity among NGOs was stressed by Dr. J. Mann, who noted that NGOs perform up to half the health care in some countries. The major substance of the conference was 5 Seminar tracks of 5.5 hours duration on the topics of services and care, education and prevention, drugs and treatment, human rights, and organizational development. Human rights recognized internationally were described, but in some places lack of resources makes them a privilege. Illegal drug programs, decriminalization and research on cultural obstacles were within the broad range of issues addressed under services and care. While traditional symptomatic treatments and older drugs such as gentian violet as a treatment for candidiasis are being developed in African countries, serious social problems arise when people sell their possessions for a few doses of AZT or Kemron there. In the seminars on organizational development useful exchanges between major donors and project organizers explored professional methods of applying for grants, as well as accounting for funds spent later. ICASO the International Council of AIDS Service Organizations was ratified and a meeting in Florence in June 1991 was authorized, with reservations of those who felt that regional cooperation is needed even more. Problems and incidents marked other aspects of the meeting, from lack of translators, photocopiers, accommodations, refreshments, and late starting to an ill-timed demonstration during the last Plenary session address of Dr. Mann by ACT-UP France. Larger problems of balance of interests and priorities, and whether there are too many AIDS conferences must also be approached.
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PMID:Policies for solidarity. A personal view of the Second International Conference for non governmental organizations working on AIDS, Paris 1-4 November 1990. 167 73

The World Health Organization (WHO) was criticized at the 9th International Conference on AIDS in Berlin by an ACT UP spokesman for lacking a coordinated strategy against HIV and AIDS. ACT UP further called for the implementation of networks of effective treatment and care programs in lieu of continued pilot projects, and urged the World Bank to write off loans to nations most jeopardized by AIDS. Dr. Dean Jamison of the Bank discounted the viability of such loan forgiveness on the basis of equity. Funding should instead come from developing countries with the help of developed nations, the private sector, and international bodies. Declining age at first intercourse has led to half of all HIV infections worldwide occurring among individuals under age 25 years; HIV spread among the young is the main driving force behind the pandemic. Professor Peter Piot of WHO emphasized the importance of focusing efforts on women; paying attention to nongovernmental organizations as a group which receives 15% of WHO country funding; and taking issue with those who claim that no HIV/AIDS epidemic exists in Africa. Coordinated action taken to provide condoms, treat sexually transmitted diseases, and eradicate HIV could prevent up to 4 million infections in Africa, 4 million in Asia, and 1 million in Latin America. The director of the WHO's Global Program on AIDS, Dr. Michael Merson, asserted that half of all new HIV infections predicted for the developing world for the rest of the decade could be prevented if another $1.5-2.9 billion annually were invested in nations' HIV prevention strategies. These investments would save $90 billion in health costs and lost economic activity by the end of the century. Such an outlay is minuscule next to the $49 billion cost to Kuwait of the military Operation Desert Storm.
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PMID:Preventing AIDS in the developing world. 809 96

Upon prolonged treatment with various antiretroviral nucleoside analogs such as 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, 2',3'-dideoxyinosine, 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, (-)- beta-L-2', 3'dideoxy-3'thiacytidine and 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine, selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains with mutations in the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene has been reported. We designed a reverse hybridization line probe assay (LiPA) for the rapid and simultaneous characterization of the following variations in the RT gene: M41 or L41; T69, N69, A69, or D69; K70 or R70; L74 or V74; V75 or T75; M184, I184, or V184; T215, Y215, or F215; and K219, Q219, or E219. Nucleotide polymorphisms for codon L41 (TTG or CTG), T69 (ACT or ACA), V75 (GTA or GTG), T215 (ACC or ACT), and Y215 (TAC or TAT) could be detected. In addition to the codons mentioned above, several third-letter polymorphisms in the direct vicinity of the target codons (E40, E42, K43, K73, D76, Q182, Y183, D185, G213, F214, and L214) were found, and specific probes were selected. In total, 48 probes were designed and applied to the LiPA test strips and optimized with a well-characterized and representative reference panel. Plasma samples from 358 HIV-infected patients were analyzed with all 48 probes. The amino acid profiles could be deduced by LiPA hybridization in an average of 92.7% of the samples for each individual codon. When combined with changes in viral load and CD4+ T-cell count, this LiPA approach proved to be useful in studying genetic resistance in follow-up samples from antiretroviral agent-treated HIV-1-infected individuals.
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PMID:Line probe assay for rapid detection of drug-selected mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase gene. 902 Nov 81

Though at times tumultuous, the 6th International Conference on AIDS, hosted by in San Francisco, avoided the polarization of previous conferences and achieved a political success. Conference participants vehemently objected to the Immigration and Naturalization Service's policy of barring homosexuals and HIV carriers from entering the country, a practice that remained unchanged for the conference. Over 80 organizations boycotted the conference. Displeasure with US government policies was also evident when AIDS activists drowned out the speech by Secretary of Health and Human Services Louis Sullivan. While paper presentations by notable researchers appeared to be mostly a formality, since most of the information had already been published, useful exchanges did occur when scientists were, for a day, allowed to display abstracts on their latest research. But perhaps the most popular printed item on the conference was ACT UP's Research Agenda, a handout prepared by the AIDS activist group listing a series of drugs that should be tested and treatments that should be tried. Participants heard the disturbing news of the spread of the epidemic, of how 3.5 million Africans are infected, and of how Brazilian teenagers are at great risk of infection. Furthermore, participants discussed the high cost of AIDS care in the US (estimated at $85,000/patient) and the reluctance of insurance companies to cover AIDS-stricken patients. Aside from the exchange of information, the conference's real success came in the political arena, establishing itself as policymaker and champion of the affected.
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PMID:AIDS at the beginning of the second decade. 1018 28

AIDS in Africa is killing more people than all of Africa's armed conflicts during this century--this is what delegates heard at the 11th International Conference on AIDS and STDs in Lusaka, Zambia, September 12-16, 1999. The epidemic has been contained in the rich Northern Hemisphere. But why the difference? Delegates considered many reasons, such as war, crumbling health infrastructure, increasing unemployment, and poverty. The conference concentrated on the impact of HIV/AIDS on communities, and on socioeconomic, ethical, political, and legal factors. Only one of the five sessions was devoted to basic science and clinical care. There was realism concerning the limited role of antiretroviral therapy and excitement concerning improved prevention of parent-to-child transmission, especially if single-dose nevirapine proves effective. Delegates emphasized the need for more research and development of vaccines, the female condom, and vaginal virucides, all of which are commercially unattractive to drug companies. Callisto Medavo, World Bank vice-president, launched ACT-Africa, which promises extra resources, enhanced treatment, and more technical support. Together these should assist African leaders and mobilize civil society and the private sector to intensify action against HIV/AIDS. Peter Piot, executive director of UNAIDS, also emphasized the vital importance of sustained political involvement at the highest level to contain the pandemic and prevent this regional crisis from becoming a global catastrophe.
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PMID:African AIDS conference offers hope for the future. 1050 13

The 10th International Conference on AIDS was the first to be held in Asia. Many street activists boycotted it because of Japan's relatively small incidence of AIDS, because Japan was too expensive and excludes immigration and travel of HIV-infected individuals, and because the conference should have been held in the Southern Hemisphere. However, Japan has the money and power needed to target the coming epidemic in the less economically well-endowed parts of Asia, and has the conference facilities and the desire to host the conference. ACT UP/New York officially sent only one delegate, but many treatment activists and a diverse community of PWAs attended. Japan's response to the coming epidemic has been quick and certain. At the opening ceremonies, the Crown Prince and Prime Minister Murayama spoke movingly of Japan's commitment to persons with AIDS and to applying national resources to this global problem.
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PMID:Yokohama report: an activist's journal. 1136 53

Advances in organ and cell transplantation, and in basic immunology, are increasing the possibility of transplantation of organs or cells from animals to humans. Baboon immune cells are resistant to HIV infection. If the cells can survive transplantation to humans, they might conceivably provide immunological resistance to HIV. Shortly before the first test of baboon to human cell transplantation was to occur, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) expanded its authority and told the researchers that they would have to get FDA approval before beginning. The researchers have complied, and are awaiting FDA approval. This new area involves controversial issues, including the theoretical risk of transmitting an animal disease to humans, possibly causing an epidemic. Some experts are pushing for more animal trials; while others fear that such trials will take years to finance, organize and conduct, and cannot be definitive. These issues that deal with the field of xenogeneic, animal to human, organ and cell transplantation are to be considered at an FDA meeting on July 13 and 14, 1995. Members of ACT/UP Golden Gate in San Francisco want individuals to contact the FDA and tell them that the baboon transplantation trial should go forward without delay. Community involvement and public support are needed to move this research forward.
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PMID:Animal cell transplantation: FDA meeting July 13 and 14. Food and Drug Administration. 1136 16

ACT UP, charging Kaiser Permanente with substandard treatment of people with AIDS, has presented the company with a list of demands. The demands include faster patient access to their own doctors and to specialists, lengthening patient hospital stays when appropriate, offering viral testing to HIV-positive individuals, paying for human growth hormone to treat wasting syndrome, allowing patients to quickly switch doctors, and helping more patients enroll in clinical trials outside the Kaiser system. The San Francisco AIDS Foundation also signed the protest and urged Kaiser to reevaluate its policy on offering primary prophylaxis for CMV disease and MAC to people with AIDS who have low CD4 T-cell counts. Kaiser responds that it gives its HIV-infected patients world-class care.
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PMID:World class care at Kaiser? 1136 14

ACT UP chapters and PWA coalitions are listed for the United States and Canada in alphabetical order by state. The National AIDS Hotline can refer HIV/AIDS patients to AIDS organizations not listed.
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PMID:Activist groups and PWA coalitions, U.S. and Canada. 1136 81

Twenty-five leading AIDS activists and organizations in San Francisco have published a letter asking ACT UP San Francisco to stop disrupting meetings. ACT UP San Francisco has targeted public forums to protest the pharmaceutical companies' prolonged trials, claiming that it is unethical to use sick people to test the effectiveness of drugs. Their staged protests often result in HIV-positive persons not getting the treatment information they need.
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PMID:San Francisco protest against meeting disruptions. 1136 10


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