Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bactrim/Septra is a drug used for treating and preventing PCP (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia) and toxoplasmosis. However, people with HIV are more likely to develop hypersensitivity reactions to Bactrim/Septra. NAC (N-acetyl-cysteine) is being studied to determine if its detoxifying properties could reduce the risk of hypersensitivity to Bactrim/Septra. However, a Canadian study found no statistically significant difference in the rates of hypersensitivity among the nearly 200 subjects.
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PMID:Study finds NAC fails to prevent Bactrim/Septra hypersensitivity. 1136 23

In Thyolo district, Malawi, an operational research study is being conducted on the efficacy and feasibility of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in preventing deaths in HIV-positive patients with tuberculosis (TB). A series of cross-sectional studies were carried out in 1999 and 2001 to determine (i) whether faecal Escherichia coli resistance to co-trimoxazole in TB patients changed with time, and (ii) whether the resistance pattern was different in HIV-positive TB patients who were taking co-trimoxazole prophylaxis. Co-trimoxazole resistance among E. coli isolates in TB patients at the time of registration was 60% in 1999 and 77% in 2001 (P < 0.01). Resistance was 89% among HIV-infected TB patients (receiving cotrimoxazole), while in HIV-negative patients (receiving anti-TB therapy alone) it was 62% (P < 0.001). The study shows a significant increase of E. coli resistance to co-trimoxazole in TB patients which is particularly prominent in HIV-infected patients on co-trimoxazole prophylaxis. Since a high degree of plasmid-mediated transfer of resistance exists between E. coli and the Salmonella species, these findings could herald limitations on the short- and long-term benefits to be expected from the use of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in preventing non-typhoid Salmonella bacteraemia and enteritis in HIV-infected TB patients in Malawi.
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PMID:Changes in Escherichia coli resistance to co-trimoxazole in tuberculosis patients and in relation to co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in Thyolo, Malawi. 1205 16

3 million deaths annually may be attributed to tuberculosis (TB), while 8 million new cases are added to the world each year. The major increase in the number of cases in the West, especially among those infected with HIV, and the emergence of drug-resistant strains have forced interested parties in the developed world to take another look at TB. An annual public health forum held at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine April 18-21, 1993, on TB called for extra investment in existing cost-effective tools against TB with research in the area a priority. Accountability and an interdisciplinary approach are needed. It was also expressed that national TB programs must provide affordable, well-managed treatment; diagnoses should be faster and be joined by active case-finding; patients' compliance should be encouraged and empowered; education should be targeted to a wide variety of groups involved in the fight against TB; commitment should be made to develop new drugs; appropriate interventions should be developed and implemented to prevent and manage TB among HIV-positive individuals; a new TB vaccine should be developed; political partnerships should be fostered; and measures adopted to fight poverty in the developing world. Finally, political will and cooperation are needed among private and public agencies in the fight against TB.
Indian Med Trib 1993 Nov 15
PMID:TB back with a vengeance. 1217 70

Although the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) should report that the total number of tuberculosis (TB) cases has dropped 5.1% since 1992, experts stress that the potentially fatal lung disease is not yet under control. The incidence of drug-resistant TB remained about 13.7% of all reported TB cases in 1991 and 1992. TB is most commonly treated through the administration of four drugs given three times per week over a six-month period. TB experts and treatment specialists at the CDC and the American Thoracic Society jointly issued new treatment guidelines stressing the importance of ensuring that patients take all of their prescribed medications, even if it means going into the community and watching them swallow their pills. Patients who fail to adhere strictly to their treatment regimen of drugs risk developing drug-resistant TB disease and present a contagious public health threat. In addition to the acute risk of mortality from such resistant disease, the treatment cost of up to $150,000 dwarfs the $1,500-3,000 total expense required to treat patients with non-resistant TB under the new community based treatment program, Directly Observed Therapy (DOT). In DOT, health workers visit patients with TB in the workplace, home, and community to monitor their timely ingestion of prescribed medication against TB. Some patients have reported preference for this approach since it removes any personal worry that they may forget to comply with treatment on a regular basis. The experts also recommend that HIV-seropositive people with TB receive standard TB therapy and suggest treating TB positive parents with preventive drug therapy to control TB in children even if the children test negative for TB. The World Health Organization predicts that more than one third of the eight million new cases of TB this year will occur in people with AIDS.
Indian Med Trib 1994 Jul 15
PMID:To conquer TB, patients must take their medicine. 1217 76

Thailand's first case of AIDS was reported in 1984. A steep trajectory to 6340 cases did not occur, however, until 1993, and then increased to 11,113 cases in 1994. The first leveling of the steep trajectory is anticipated in 1995. 77.9% of cases in Thailand between 1984 and 1995 are associated with sexual contact, mainly heterosexual with prostitutes. 7.1% of cases are due to IV drug use, 6.6% to maternal-fetal transmission, 0.2% to blood transfusion, and 8.2% to unknown causes. 870,000 AIDS cases and 1,826,000 cases of HIV infection are projected for Thailand by 2005. A high proportion of HIV infected and AIDS cases in Thailand are men, but equal proportions of men and women are projected to be afflicted. With India's larger population base, the numbers of HIV infected and people with AIDS will be markedly higher. India may already have 100,000 HIV-infected citizens and it may surpass sub-Saharan Africa early in the next century as the main focus of the HIV epidemic. The author notes that Japan is the only advanced developed country which has not experienced a steep AIDS case rate; condom use is greater there than in any other country.
Indian Med Trib 1995 Dec 30
PMID:Asia-Pacific AIDS incidence on the rise. 1217 94

The Indian Health Organization projected the number of deaths per day due to AIDS by the year 2000 at 10,000. An interdisciplinary international conference was held in New Delhi to draft an international law governing the issues related to AIDS. Human freedom and public health policies are the most affected by this disease. In the absence of an international AIDS law, judicial verdicts set precedents and could have serious ramifications. A participant from the John Marshall Law School, Chicago, suggested that instead of making new laws, the existing ones from the colonial past should be repealed. This includes Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which provides criminal sanctions against those who indulge in unnatural relations with man, woman, or animal. Penalizing homosexuality will only perpetuate clandestine relations and spread the virus into their families. Another participant seconded this motion stating that even a sex worker must be protected from abuse and indignity. The National AIDS Control Organization responded to the criticism that the government had not utilized all the World Bank funds allocated for anti-AIDS projects. The trends of the epidemic were the most important indicators not just the numbers. In Manipur and Mizoram, infection was almost entirely due to injecting drug use. The Saheli project undertaken in the red-light areas of Bombay encompassed brothel owners and prostitutes, which could be replicated in other areas. Because existing government policies were focusing on prevention, there was no protection of an HIV-infected individual's privacy, one participant from Madras stated. The confidentiality issue was also echoed by a US participant. The New Delhi Declaration and Action Plan on HIV/AIDS was also discussed. It forbids discrimination in employment, education, housing, health care, social security, travel, and marital and reproductive rights. Providing sterile needles and ensuring the safety of the blood supply were other concerns mentioned.
Indian Med Trib 1996 Jan 15
PMID:A constitution for AIDS. 1217 99

Patients with Gianotti-Crosti syndrome present with distinctive self-limiting acral papular or papulovesicular eruptions associated with an underlying viral illness. Many viruses have been reported to be linked to GCS. Although unlikely, HIV alone may be enough to trigger papular eruptions observed in patients. It will be difficult, however, to determine the etiologic factors for HIV-associated GCS given the probability for the presence of a variety of clinical and subclinical infections which complicate the issue. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been commonly reported in association with GCS, with transient CMV viremia probably contributing to acrodermatitis. Hepatitis C has been recently associated with GCS and may be a triggering factor for the syndrome, while active MAI infection may also play a role in triggering skin disease. Finally, a recent study found that the clinical distinction between papular acrodermatitis of childhood and papulovesicular acrolated syndrome was not possible and that clinical variations were probably due to individual characteristics of each patient rather than the causative virus.
Indian Med Trib 1994 Jul 15
PMID:Gianotti-Crosti syndrome and HIV infection. 1217 12

Zidovudine (AZT) is a thymidine analogue which inhibits retroviral reverse transcriptase, terminates DNA chain synthesis, and thus inhibits viral replication. The clinical benefit of AZT patients with advanced HIV disease was established in a phase II placebo-controlled study. Administered at dosages of 500 mg per day, AZT benefits asymptomatic patients with CD4 counts below 500, slows progression to AIDS, and increases survival. It has therefore become the major antiviral drug for treating HIV infection. Psoriasis is a common papulosquamous disease affecting 1-2% of the general population. It may also be the initial symptom of HIV infection, potentially very severe and difficult to treat with conventional therapy in such patients. The presence of psoriasis contributes significantly to AIDS morbidity and may be even more disabling than Kaposi's sarcoma. Researchers have, however, reported in the Archives of Dermatology the complete clearing of psoriasis in two patients several weeks after they began AZT therapy for AIDS. 33% of patients had a complete clearing of disease symptoms, while 90% had a partial improvement. A more than 75% reduction in body surface involvement was observed in 47% of patients. Improvement during AZT therapy was correlated with the presence of antigenemia and an increase in mean white blood cell count. While other forms of therapy for severe psoriasis have resulted in profound immunosuppression in some patients with AIDS, may activate HIV, or may be poorly tolerated in patients, AZT therapy seems safe and effective for ameliorating or clearing psoriasis in HIV-infected individuals at dosages of 1200 mg per day. The effectiveness of the drug at lower doses has not been established. Information is also lacking on what effect the early administration of AZT in asymptomatic HIV patients may have on the eventual expression of psoriasis.
Indian Med Trib 1994 Jul 15
PMID:Zidovudine improves psoriasis in HIV-positive males. 1217 18

A letter from the World Health Organization (WHO) disputed the claim of the Mwanza, Tanzania, project that improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) leads to a significant reduction in the incidence of HIV. In the groups receiving treatment, 1.2% of patients had become infected with HIV over the period of the trial. In contrast, in the control group not receiving treatment the figure reached 1.9%. The study was acknowledged to have been valid and useful by WHO's Global Program on AIDS, but they asserted that even if all STDs were eradicated, HIV would continue to spread, albeit at a reduced rate. The conditions underlying the spread of HIV are lack of health services, limited employment opportunities, and the low status of women. The principal researcher countered that STD control indeed affected the spread of HIV, but continued information, education, and communication (IEC) funding was still vital. The methods used in the study could be replicated both in Tanzania and other developing countries because of the low cost of treatment. The most powerful treatment cost $10 a dose, but the research team used high dosages of inexpensive drugs like Septrin, a two-day course of which costs only 70 cents. A major problem for widespread implementation of this approach is the fact that up to 90% of STDs do not present symptoms and patients do not seek early treatment. The complex question of the means of delivering treatment was not addressed either. This would require an infrastructure for getting health services to those needing them. Notwithstanding the importance of STD control, the main pillars of AIDS prevention still are IEC and the empowerment of women.
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PMID:STD-control is no "magic bullet" says the WHO. 1231 56

On November 22, 2004, days after The Lancet reported that the cheap antibiotic co-trimoxazole (Septra, Bactrim, and other brand names) had dramatically reduced death in a group of Zambian children with HIV, the World Health Organization (WHO), UNAIDS and UNICEF released a statement recommending the drug for all children with HIV symptoms in poor countries. But activists say the global health authorities' seemingly quick action came years--even decades--late, and it will take a lot more work to actually deliver the drug's lifesaving promise.
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PMID:Africa: children's access to prophylaxis may improve after medical study, new WHO recommendations. 1571 85


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