Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A relatively high prevalence of neuropsychological impairment has been reported among individuals within the spectrum of HIV-1 disease. These deficits range from mild motoric slowness to a severe dementia characterized by forgetfulness, psychomotor slowing, impaired performance on "frontal systems" tasks, and frequently, dysphoric affect. This paper reviews the preliminary evidence to date on the prevalence and pattern of neuropsychological deficits within the spectrum of HIV-1 infection. Common methodologic pitfalls in this research arena are reviewed. Finally, implications for clinical practice are discussed, with emphasis on construction of screening and more comprehensive neuropsychological test batteries specifically for this population.
 ...
PMID:The neuropsychological aspects of HIV-1 spectrum disease. 266 6

We report a 29-year-old male hemophiliac with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-associated dementia complex, who died 2.5 months after the onset of dementia. The patient's cognitive abnormalities including forgetfulness, loss of concentration and slowing of thought appeared about 7 years after HIV infection. His neurological symptoms were characterized as progressive dementia, episodic consciousness loss, transverse myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy. He had generalized slow waves in electroencephalogram (EEG), progressive cerebral atrophy and a diffuse high intensity lesion in the white matter as shown by T2-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We emphasize the significance of neurological complications, especially acute progressive dementia, in Japanese patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
 ...
PMID:A hemophiliac with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-associated dementia complex. 856 90

As the second part of a community based educational campaign to convey the risk of HIV/AIDS to commercial sex workers in Jakarta, from May-July 1995, a total of 253 male transvestites (WARIA) were questioned about their sexual behavior patterns and their knowledge and attitude toward HIV/AIDS. In the previous report, 1991-1993, there was one out of 830 WARIA found HIV positive in November 1993. In this study, 1995, a total of two out of 253 WARIA were confirmed of HIV infection in July 1995. Most of them still have incorrect knowledge on HIV/AIDS transmission mode, they are still practicing high risk sexual attitudes such as an exchange partner rate of 5 men per three weeks, low condom use (1.2 out of the last 5 sexual contacts). The reasons for not using condoms were forgetfulness 35.3% and partner does not like condom 38.2% Most of WARIA know about condoms (94.5%), but it is difficult to access condom use from small shops around them. Therefore, to prevent further spread of HIV/AIDS in WARIA, condom should be used constantly and properly. It has been shown from another study, that more information, better availability and better promotion of condoms can increase condom use. Thus, attention should be placed on various ways of distributing condoms for WARIA in Jakarta, especially community-based distribution by peer leaders, social marketing and commercial sales.
 ...
PMID:Second report of AIDS related attitudes and sexual practices of the Jakarta Waria (male transvestites) in 1995. 956 2

HIV-positive patients must strictly adhere to antiretroviral regimens for the medications to work properly. Little, however, is known about the obstacles that patients face in adhering to the regimens or what, if anything, helps patients to adhere. The goals of the project were to describe, from HIV-positive patients' own perspectives, the barriers they face in adhering to antiretroviral regimens and the strategies they use to maximize their adherence. Five main barriers (forgetfulness, social/physical environment, complexity of the regimens, medication side effects, and inadequate patient knowledge) to adherence and six main facilitators (mechanical devices, "making a commitment," "routinizing," health beliefs, social support, and professional support) emerged from the data. Patients may overcome some of these barriers by receiving better health education about the need for adherence, professional and lay support for their efforts, and mechanical devices such as alarm clocks and medi-sets. Other barriers, however, such as the complexity of the medications, highlight the need for simplified antiretroviral regimens.
 ...
PMID:Barriers to and facilitators of HIV-positive patients' adherence to antiretroviral treatment regimens. 1076 45

This is a descriptive, correlational study of the predictors of perceived cognitive functioning. The convenience sample of 728 nonhospitalized persons receiving health care for HIV/AIDS was recruited from seven sites in the United States. All measures were self-reported. Self-perception of cognitive functioning, the dependent variable, was composed of three items from the Medical Outcomes Study HIV scale: thinking, attention, and forgetfulness. Data related to age, gender, ethnicity, education, injection drug use, CD4 count, and length of time known to be HIV-positive were collected on a demographic questionnaire. The scale from the Sign and Symptom Checklist for Persons with HIV Disease was used to measure self-reported symptoms. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Predictors of perception of cognitive functioning explained a total of 36.3% of the variance. Four blocks--person variables (1.5%) (age, gender, education, history of injection drug use), disease status (2.3%), symptom status (26.5%), and functional status (5.4%)--significantly contributed statistically to the total variance. Among those individuals who completed the questions related to depression (n = 450), 28% of the variance in cognitive functioning was explained by this variable. The findings in this multi-site study indicate that symptom status explained the largest amount of variance in perceived cognitive functioning. Early identification of cognitive impairment can result in appropriate clinical interventions in remediable conditions and in the improvement of quality of life.
 ...
PMID:Predictors of perception of cognitive functioning in HIV/AIDS. 1082 1

Adherence to antiretroviral medications is essential for optimal treatment of HIV infection. We investigated nonadherence to antiretroviral medications in an inner-city population by using a confidential interview and a self-administered anonymous questionnaire. We estimated adherence on the day before and the month before the interview and asked reasons for nonadherence. Of 173 people who were taking antiretroviral medications, all participated in the confidential interview and 101 also completed the anonymous questionnaire. Results of the confidential interview and the anonymous questionnaire revealed rates of 6% and 28%, respectively, for nonadherence to any drug on the preceding day and of 11% and 39%, respectively, in the preceding month. The most common reasons for nonadherence in both methods were forgetfulness, inaccessibility of medications, and perceived or actual toxicity. On 12% of the anonymous questionnaires one reason for nonadherence was perceived or actual lack of drug efficacy: this reason was not given in any of the confidential interviews. Responses about the extent of nonadherence and the reasons for it may differ depending on the method of ascertainment. Interventions to improve adherence should focus on making medication dosages easier to remember, ensuring a continued supply of medications, and circumventing toxicities.
 ...
PMID:Adherence to antiretroviral medications in an inner-city population. 1096 12

The case of an HIV-positive man who continually missed critical doses of antiviral drugs illustrates the importance of maintaining a consistent medication schedule. Forgetfulness is the main reason for lack of adherence to medication schedules. Strategies for minimizing this problem are given. Some of the methods include working with a health care provider to find a regimen that fits your lifestyle; using visual references to clarify how to take the drugs; enlisting help from friends and family; using a timing device to provide a reminder; and administering medicine while performing daily activities. Contact information is provided.
 ...
PMID:Staying on schedule. 1136 55

The objective of this study was to assess if a simple evaluation, adherence to antiretroviral therapy, would correlate to clinical and laboratory outcomes. We followed an open cohort of patients from a public teaching hospital AIDS outpatient clinic. Patients were categorized according to adherence as: regular (Reg), optimal, all doses all days, tolerating only irregular timing (+/- 2 hours) of intake; quasi-regular (qReg), those missing up to four doses or 1 full day during a month; irregular (Irreg), all other irregular regimens, and ignored (Ign), those without information. The results from a simple questionnaire were compared to CD4+ cell counts and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA plasma viremia. One hundred eighty-two HIV-1-infected patients (126 males, 69%; 56 females, 31%) were analyzed. Information on adherence was available for 168 (90%). Reg adherence was reported by 75 (41%) patients, qReg adherence by 35 (19%), and Irreg by 53 (29%) of patients. The main reasons for nonadherence were forgetfulness, intolerance, use of alcohol, and misunderstanding of prescription. A significant increase of CD4+ T-cell counts and absolute gain were only observed among Reg and qReg users (p < 0.001). The median viral RNA load log10 decreases were -1.68, -1.45, -0.9 log, respectively, for Reg, qReg, and Irreg patients (p = 0.043, Kruskal-Wallis). Development of and death from AIDS occurred almost exclusively among those with Ign or Irreg adherence. Previous use of antiretroviral therapy may have had an impact in treatment response. Individuals who were treatment-naive were more likely to be Reg users (41%). Although more refined methods to assess adherence should be implemented when available, the inability to do so should not prevent simple, albeit subjective measurements that also correlate with favorable outcome. Mechanisms to improve adherence should be considered an integral part of antiretroviral therapy.
 ...
PMID:Impact of adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients at a university public service in Brazil. 1178 69

The Contraceptive Report has published a 2-page pamphlet for physicians to distribute to patients considering contraceptive implants. Implants are effective for up to 5 years and consist of 6 small, soft, flexible plastic rods. Trained clinicians insert them under the skin of a woman's upper arm. Women have used implants for 20 years. The US approved them several years ago. As of mid 1993, about 800,000 US women have used implants. The rods slowly release a progestin into the body which suppresses ovulation and thickens cervical mucus. Insertion lasts 10-15 minutes and takes place in a physician's office. Physicians anesthetize the skin beforehand. After a week or so, the incision should heal. The rods will not burst or migrate under the skin. If a woman wants to stop using implants, they can be removed at any time. Removal lasts 20-30 minutes. Changes in the menstrual cycle (e.g., irregular and unpredictable bleeding or no bleeding at all) are the most frequent side effects. These effects tend to lessen with time and are not harmful. Some women experience nausea, headache, nervousness, dizziness, and weight gain. Implants are very effective at preventing pregnancy and very convenient. Incorrect use or forgetfulness are not problems for women using implants. As soon as the physician removes the implants, fertility resumes. Contraceptive implants do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases or HIV/AIDS, so women should use condoms to provide this protection. To determine whether contraceptive implants are an option, women should first discuss it with their health care provider.
 ...
PMID:Facts about contraceptive implants. 1228 27

Although adherence to clinic visits is important for successful clinical outcome in HIV treatment, little is known about the reasons patients with HIV miss appointments. We prospectively monitored the self-reported reasons for missed clinic appointments among HIV patients at a university hospital in South Korea from June through December 2006. Of the 1562 scheduled clinic visits, 131 (8%) of appointments were missed. Work schedule, forgetfulness and lack of motivation were the primary reasons given for missed appointments. Considering these factors when scheduling appointments may improve adherence to clinic attendance among HIV-infected patients.
 ...
PMID:Self-reported reasons among HIV-infected patients for missing clinic appointments. 1833 69


1 2 3 Next >>