Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We use EM with increasing frequency for the identification of opportunistic parasitic infections in HIV-infected individuals. Apart from Pneumocytis carinii, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, and Leishmania, we studied several aspects of microsporidiosis. Infection with the intestinal microsporidian Enterocytozoon was found in as much as 27% of AIDS patients with chronic diarrhoea without other pathogens. EM diagnosis of microsporidiosis is commonly performed on intestinal biopsies, but we have recently demonstrated spores of microsporidium with a non-invasive technique, viz. in faeces (1). However, EM of biopsy material remains the reference technique to distinguish the various species. Combining faeces and biopsy examination, we identified another group of microsporidians, Encephalitozoon sp., in the small intestine of AIDS patients with chronic diarrhoea (Fig. 1). Encephalitozoon sp. with identical ultrastructure was found in urine and sinus discharge, suggesting dissemination of the infection. In the maxillary sinus of one patient, we demonstrated E. bieneusi, a parasite which had previously been found only in small intestine and bile duct epithelium (2) (Fig. 2). After albendazole treatment, Encephalitozoon sp. disappeared from faeces, urine and nasal discharge. Although ultrastructural damage was noted in the developmental cycle of E. bieneusi in biopsies after treatment with albendazole, spores continued to be present in the faeces. These results demonstrate the great value of EM in the diagnosis of several parasitic diseases, especially microsporidiosis.
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PMID:Electron microscopy as an essential technique for the identification of parasites in aids patients. 839 44

Multiorgan microsporidiosis due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi was diagnosed in an HIV-infected patient. The parasite was found and identified as E. bieneusi by transmission electron microscopy in stools, duodenal biopsy, nasal discharge and sputum. No clinical improvement or parasite eradication was obtained after albendazole therapy, but the patient remained alive 9 months after diagnosis.
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PMID:Enterocytozoon bieneusi multiorgan microsporidiosis in a HIV-infected patient. 957 Jun 60

An HIV-positive patient developed disseminated Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection. The parasite was identified in stool, duodenal biopsy, nasal discharge, and sputum specimens using transmission electron microscopy. Albendazole therapy failed to improve the symptoms or eradicate the parasite. The patient survived for nine months after the diagnosis of E. bieneusi infection.
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PMID:[Disseminated infestation of Enterocytozooon bieneusi a an HIV-infected patient]. 1041 45

Fever, facial pain, nasal discharge, headache, and congestion, common symptoms for both HIV-negative and HIV-positive populations, can generally be managed in both groups. In HIV-positive persons, however, sinusitis can become chronic and serious, even life-threatening. The physiology of the sinus cavities is illustrated, and the increasing severity of the condition is discussed. A number of unusual pathogens can cause chronic sinusitis in those with HIV disease. Treatment regimens usually include antibiotics and decongestants. Holistic interventions are also effective in some people.
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PMID:Sinusitis. 1136 17

Microsporidia, depending on their different species, generally lead to self-limited, sporadic and mild infections such as diarrhea, corneal ulcer and myositis. They are considered as opportunistic pathogens in HIV-positive patients however in recent years Microsporidia have been detected also in immunocompetent individuals as a cause of diarrhea. Diagnosis of Microsporidia depends on the detection of spores or different developmental stages of protozoon in stool, urine, sinus aspirates, nasal discharge, bronchoalveolar lavage or tissue biopsies. Diagnosis of Microsporidia infections is usually achieved by the use of different staining methods, serological tests, polymerase chain reaction, and electron microscopic methods. The aims of this study were to detect the incidence of microsporidia in patients with diarrhea by using three different staining methods and to compare the performance of these methods. A total of 225 stool samples from diarrheal patients (84 were children, 141 were adults; 103 were female, 122 were male) admitted to Gazi University Medical Faculty Hospital between March-June 2009, have been evaluated in the laboratory of Medical Microbiology Department. Stool samples were examined in terms of the presence of Microsporidia spores by Weber's modified trichrom staining (MTS), calcofluor (CF) and acridine orange (AO) staining methods. Microsporidia positivity rate was 9.8% (22/225) in the diarrheal patients, the rate being 9.5% (8/84) in children and 9.9% (14/141) in adults. There was no statistically significant difference between age and gender groups (p> 0.05) regarding Microsporidia detection. When MTS was considered as the reference method, sensitivity, specifity and consistency of AO staining were estimated as 100%, 91.6% and 92%, respectively, while those rates for CF staining were 95.4%, 99.5% and 99%, respectively. There was very strong and significant correlation (r= 0.950, p< 0.001) between CF staining and MTS, while there was strong and significant (r= 0.719, p< 0.001) correlation between AO staining and MTS. Although AO staining is rapid and convenient, the positive predictive value was measured very low (56.4%) and the interpretation of stained slides was very difficult since background of the slides was stained orange and there were a lot of dye artefacts. In conclusion, screening Microsporidia in all diarrheal stool samples is of diagnostic value. To increase sensitivity and reliability in the detection of Microsporidia spores in diarrheal samples, initial application of calcofluor staining should be followed by the confirmatory MTS method.
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PMID:[Investigation of Microsporidia prevalence by different staining methods in cases of diarrhea]. 2239 75

Disseminated histoplasmosis in South America is associated with AIDS in 70-90 % of cases. It is visceral and cutaneous, compromising the oral, pharynx, and laryngeal mucous membranes. The involvement of the nasal mucosa is unusual. Two patients with perforation of the nasal septum as the only sign of their disease were clinically and histopathologically diagnosed as leishmaniasis. The revision of the biopsies and the culture of nasal discharge secretions showed that the pathogens seen were not amastigotes but Histoplasma capsulatum. Other mycotic lesions were not detected, nor there was history of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The leishmanin skin test, available only for the male patient, was negative. The PCR and immunofluorescence antibody titers for Leishmania were negative in both patients. They were HIV positive; in the male, his CD4+ T cell count was 60/mm(3) and in the female 133/mm(3). The nasal ulcer was the only manifestation of histoplasmosis and the first of AIDS in both patients. The male patient recovered with amphotericin B and itraconazole treatment. The female has improved with itraconazole. Both patients received antiretroviral treatment. Nasal mucous membrane ulcers should include histoplasmosis among the differential diagnosis. In conclusion, two patients had perforation of their nasal septum as the only manifestation of histoplasmosis, a diagnosis confirmed by nasal mucosa biopsy and by culture of H. capsulatum, findings which demonstrated that both patients had AIDS.
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PMID:Perforation of the nasal septum as the first sign of histoplasmosis associated with AIDS and review of published literature. 2366 Oct 50