Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The factors responsible for the explosive spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in sub-Saharan Africa continue to be identified and debated. One of the most controversial factors has been male circumcision. This cross-sectional study was conducted to measure the association between circumcision status and infection with HIV-1 among men with genital ulcer disease. Eight hundred and ten men participated in the study, of whom 190 (23%) were HIV-1-positive. A logistic regression model adjusted for behavioral and historical showed that HIV-1 positivity was independently associated with being uncircumcised (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-7.2) and with a history of urethral discharge (adjusted OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4-2.8). This association could not be explained by measures of sexual exposure to HIV-1 among this population. Male circumcision should be considered as an intervention strategy for AIDS control.
 ...
PMID:Increased risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 among uncircumcised men presenting with genital ulcer disease in Kenya. 887 63

In an ongoing study we evaluated 71 males and 32 females attending our sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic. Intraurethral or endocervical swab specimens were cultured for Neisseria gonorrhea (NG), Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), Mycoplasma homines (MH), Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), using an ELISA technique and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HIV antigen, hepatitis B (HBV) and Treponema pallidum (TP) seropositivity were tested by ELISA. Mean age was 33.4 and range 15-72 years. 83 patients (81%) used condoms only rarely, 35 (35%) had multiple sexual partners and 83 (81%) were treated empirically prior to evaluation. Dysuria and urethral discharge were found in 47 (45.6%), of whom 34 (33%) were males; the majority of females were asymptomatic. A specific etiology for STD was found in 53 patients (51.4%) and 1/3 had more than 1 pathogen. CT, UU, MH, HSV, NG and TV were found in 27, 24, 5, 3, 2 and 1, respectively. 8 patients were seropositive for HBV and 1 for TP; all were seronegative for HIV. CT was the most prevalent pathogen found. All patients with STD symptoms should be screened for all sexually transmitted pathogens, since many of them have more than 1 pathogen. STD clinics in Israel should be developed in conjunction with microbiology laboratories for better management of STD in the community.
 ...
PMID:[Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to sexually transmitted diseases]. 888 2

Between March 1993 and March 1995, volunteers at 40 Harare factories were interviewed regarding sociodemographic characteristics and behavior; HIV serostatus was also determined. Among 2,691 men enrolled, HIV prevalence was 19.4%. Prevalence rose 2-fold with each year of age in young men (< 23 years). In a multivariate logistic model that included sociodemographic and behavioral variables, compared with those between 25 and 44 years, both younger men (OR = 0.51) and older men (OR = 0.49) were less likely to be HIV positive. In addition, marriage (OR = 2.01), history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) (genital ulcer, OR = 4.93, urethral discharge OR = 1.75), multiple partners (OR = 1.58), cash payment for sex (OR = 2.55) and condom use (OR = 1.35) were all independent risk factors for HIV infection. Home ownership conferred lower risk. Self-reported condom use was seen as a marker of correct personal risk assessment men who used condoms reported more risk behavior and had a higher prevalence of HIV, either because condom use was not consistent or because infection occurred prior to adoption of condoms. This study confirms established risk factors in a general population sample not selected for high risk of HIV infection. It suggests rapid acquisition of infection among young men and the importance of marriage (and separation of spouses) as correlates of HIV infection.
 ...
PMID:Risk factors for HIV infection at enrollment in an urban male factory cohort in Harare, Zimbabwe. 889 75

Self-medication with antibiotics is especially widespread in developing countries where such medications are sold over the counter by both trained pharmacists and untrained personnel. The present study investigated patterns of antibiotic intake by 764 consecutive men and women 15-65 years of age with sexually transmitted disease (STD) symptoms prior to their presentation at the STD/AIDS Clinic of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi, Ghana. 272 of the 384 male patients had a urethral discharge and 314 of the 380 female patients had a vaginal discharge. A total of 569 patients (74.5%) had self-medicated with 1-3 antimicrobials. There were no significant differences in antimicrobial intake between men and women or based on symptomatology. The most commonly used antimicrobials were penicillin (82%), septrin (73%), and tetracycline (70%). In all cases, the antimicrobials had been used in incorrect dosages. Drug sources included over-the-counter purchases (68.2%), leftover medications for unrelated conditions (15.8%), and friends or relatives (9.6%). This pattern of widespread, indiscriminate self-medication has contributed to antibiotic resistance and makes patients susceptible to complicated STDs, including HIV. Patients must be counseled on appropriate health-seeking behaviors and stricter controls need to be placed on the sale of antimicrobials.
 ...
PMID:Antimicrobial self medication in patients attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. 922 94

Travel and tourism are associated with an increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancy. This article offers guidelines for health professionals on pre-travel counseling and outlines steps in the clinical management of returning travelers who have been exposed to STIs or pregnancy. The imperative for controlling STIs is particularly urgent now that an epidemiologic link between STIs and vulnerability to HIV infection has been established. Much can be done before a trip abroad in terms of prevention, including the provision of condoms and leaflets explaining the risks of unprotected sex while on holiday or a business trip. Patients should be questioned about their sexual behaviors before, during, and after travel and those who have taken sexual risks while traveling should be offered screening for STIs. The STI-related conditions addressed in this article include vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain, urethral discharge, scrotal pain, genital ulcer disease, inguinal bubo, and genital warts. Recommended treatment regimens for the most prevalent reproductive tract infections are outlined.
 ...
PMID:The sexual health of travelers. 965 51

While references to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be found back as far as biblical times, women have traditionally taken most of the blame for the spread of such diseases. There is no evidence to suggest that men were blamed or stigmatized in the same way as women until the panic over AIDS in the 1980s shifted some of the blame to groups such as gay and bisexual men, IV drug users, and Africans. Throughout history, heterosexual men have escaped blame for STIs. Maybe it is this latter population subgroup which should be targeted in future sexual health promotion programs. This paper reviews the history of blame for STIs dating from the book of Leviticus, in which men with urethral discharge are urged to wash after copulation, to female prostitutes during the past 400 years, and recent groups with the advent of HIV/AIDS.
 ...
PMID:What blame can teach us about sexual health promotion. 988 41

The authors' previous study of 504 male workers in Mombasa, Kenya, provides further documentation of an association between urethral infection and increased shedding of HIV in semen. In this study, Trichomonas vaginalis was isolated by culture in 30 men (6%) and was the most commonly isolated urethral pathogen. Men with Trichomonas vaginalis were significantly older than those with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, suggesting infection may be of long duration. 83% of men with unmixed infections were asymptomatic. Since guidelines for syndromic management of urethral discharge do not include Trichomonas vaginalis, even symptomatic men with this condition who seek treatment are unlikely to be diagnosed and properly treated. More research is needed to confirm whether Trichomonas vaginalis (especially long-standing, low-grade infection) enhances male to female HIV transmission. Since an effective, single-dose, low-cost treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis is available worldwide, mass treatment strategies for this sexually transmitted disease could play an important part in HIV prevention in developing countries.
 ...
PMID:Urethral Trichomonas vaginalis infection and HIV-1 transmission. 1021 55

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) have re-emerged as a public health concern in China since the early 1980s, as a phenomenon associated with rapid economic liberalization. The rapid increase in STDs is especially alarming in the country's special economic zones. The health-care seeking practices of patients with STDs in south China were examined. In 1995, a consecutive sample of 939 STD patients attending the STD clinics of the Municipal STD Control Centers of Guangzhou and Shenzhen, special economic zones near Hong Kong, was recruited for face-to-face interviews by their attending physicians. 27% of all subjects had sought treatment elsewhere for their presenting complaints before visiting the study clinic. The main sources of prior treatment were private physicians, followed by public clinics and drugstores. Women were more likely than men to delay seeking care from a study clinic (32% versus 25%). Among men, seeking prior treatment from private physicians, having no urethral discharge, having engaged in sex trade, and residence in Shenzhen were predictive of a likelihood to delay seeking treatment. Among women, only residence in Shenzhen was associated with treatment delay. The promotion of appropriate health-seeking behaviors and the improved management of STDs should be given priority attention in an effort to slow the spread of HIV/STD in China.
 ...
PMID:Treatment delay and reliance on private physicians among patients with sexually transmitted diseases in China. 1036 20

In the AIDS era, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have become a major health problem in developing countries, particularly in Africa. Delays in the diagnosis and treatment of such infections may result in complications, many of which primarily affect women. Epidemiological studies in Abidjan have shown that more than 10% of the pregnant women attending antenatal clinics present STDs potentially serious for their own health or that of their infants (gonorrhea, chlamydia infection, genital ulcers or active syphilis). There is evidence that STDs increase the transmission of HIV and that improving the syndromic management of STDs reduces the incidence of HIV infection. This provides a strong argument in favor of controlling STDs in areas of high HIV prevalence. In Ivory Coast, as in other African countries, a STD control program has been integrated into the AIDS control program since 1992, as recommended by the World Health Organization. During the first six years of the STD program, considerable progress was made in some areas, but not without difficulty. Simple syndrome-based decision trees have been adopted for the management of STDs in primary health care. Clinical studies have shown these therapeutic algorithms to be effective. At the same time, effective and affordable drugs for treating STDs were added to the list of essential drugs in Ivory Coast, after an international invitation to tender. The entire staff of the public health sector in Abidjan has been trained in syndromic STD management. Training is now being extended to other parts of Ivory Coast, including the private health sector and, in particular, private nurses. The surveillance of syndromic STDs, mainly genital ulcers in both sexes and urethral discharge in men, facilitates monitoring and evaluation of the STD program, following health care activities and adapting orders for drugs for treating STDs to real needs. In the near future, some parts of the STD program will be strengthened, particularly the management of sexual partners of STD patients and reduction of the cost of STD treatment for pregnant women.
 ...
PMID:[The fight against sexually transmitted diseases in Ivory Coast: what strategies can we use in the face of HIV/AIDS?]. 1111 Dec 47

According to World Health Organization estimates, there are 333 million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) each year. The total number of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) is even higher since these infections may have few visible symptoms, especially in women. Left untreated, however, RTIs can lead to infertility. Common symptoms include: unusually thick or foul-smelling vaginal or urethral discharge, genital sores, anal sores, genital itching, pain when urinating and during sexual intercourse, painful swelling in the lymph glands or groin, and lower abdominal pain. The open sores associated with STDs such as syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes greatly increase the risk of HIV transmission, as may STDs such as gonorrhea that are associated with urethral or vaginal discharge. To facilitate the prompt diagnosis and treatment of RTIs, this article briefly describes the diagnosis and long-term effects of gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, chlamydia, pelvic inflammatory disease, genital herpes, genital warts, candida, and bacterial vaginosis.
 ...
PMID:Common infections. 1234 38


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 Next >>