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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study aimed to establish the prevalence of psychosocial problems in gay men with HIV infection, and to identify factors associated with psychological morbidity. The study was a cross-sectional controlled investigation, which included 24 HIV seropositive and 25 seronegative gay men. Outcome measures included current psychological status and psychiatric history; coping and health beliefs; and social and sexual functioning. Seropositive subjects had worse scores on the PSE total score, and greater sexual difficulties. There were also differences in health beliefs and coping. Psychological morbidity was associated with hopelessness, previous psychiatric illness, symptomatic HIV disease, and low self-esteem.
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PMID:The psychosocial impact of HIV infection in gay men. A controlled investigation and factors associated with psychiatric morbidity. 848 61

At the Oxford Haemophilia Centre at Churchill Hospital in Oxford, England, psychiatrists compared data on 37 HIV seropositive hemophiliacs (31 asymptomatics and 6 symptomatics) with data on 36 HIV seronegative hemophiliacs to determine the prevalence of psychosocial conditions in HIV seropositive men and factors related to those conditions. HIV seropositive men had much higher Present State Examination scores than did the HIV seronegative men (5.9 vs. 2.2; p=.005). This was true for both symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV seropositive men (7.3 and 5.7, respectively). Nevertheless, these levels of psychological disturbance were basically the same as the general outpatient medical population as was also the case with depression scores (POMS). Still symptomatic HIV seropositive men were more likely to be depressed than HIV seronegative men (6.4 vs. 3.6; p=.02). The most important finding was that both symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV seropositive men felt significantly higher levels of hopelessness than did the HIV seronegative men (6.5 vs. 2.6; p=.0004, asymptomatic-5.8 and symptomatic=9.7). Hopelessness indicated an increased risk of suicide which is independent of depression. Past psychiatric history (r=0.38), hopelessness (r=0.55), and poor social adjustment (r=0.55) accounted for 49.8% of the variance (p.001). HIV seropositive men exhibited more psychosexual dysfunction especially premature and delayed ejaculation (30% vs. 4% and 20% vs. 0, respectively; p.05) than HIV seronegative men. Among the men who had a sexual relationship, HIV seropositive men tended to always use condoms during intercourse (79% of asymptomatics and 100% of symptomatics vs. 25% of HIV seronegatives; p=.0004). Even though they used condoms, HIV seropositive men were more likely to worry about infecting their partners than HIV seronegative men (p=.02).
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PMID:The psychosocial impact of HIV infection in men with haemophilia: controlled investigation and factors associated with psychiatric morbidity. 161 81

The concurrent validity of the Quality-of-Life Index (QLI) is examined by comparing it with other standard measures of psychopathology and psychosocial and physical functioning in a sample of HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) men. Fifty gay men (29 HIV+ and 21 HIV-) were assessed on the QLI and a number of other instruments covering medical, psychological, and social factors in order to examine the validity of the five domains (activity, health, support, outlook, and daily living) of the QLI as a measure of health-related quality of life. A highly significant correlation was found between the support domain of the QLI and the Social Supports Scale. A significant correlation was found between the QLI outlook domain and most measures of psychopathology including depression, anxiety, distress, and hopelessness. A modest but significant correlation was found between the activity domain of the QLI and a medical staging scale, and the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. It can be concluded that the QLI successfully measures different areas of functioning related to quality of life.
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PMID:The concurrent validity of items in the Quality-of-Life Index in a cohort of HIV-positive and HIV-negative gay men. 166 50

This paper examines patterns of psychological adjustment in a small sample of asymptomatic HIV antibody positive men. Comparison is made with data available on male cancer patients. HIV positive men reported greater degrees of anxious preoccupation and hopelessness, and lower levels of the more adaptive 'fighting spirit' response. In HIV-infected men, depression correlated positively with frequency of high risk sexual practices.
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PMID:Relationships between mental adjustment to HIV diagnosis, psychological morbidity and sexual behaviour. 177 59

We examined the psychological impact of HIV antibody testing in 107 homosexual men in San Francisco. Seventy-eight percent of the seropositives but only 43% of the seronegatives correctly anticipated their results. Twelve months after notification (but not earlier), notified seropositives reported significantly greater increases in total distress than nonnotified controls. However, notified seronegatives demonstrated significantly lower levels of hopelessness than nonnotified controls at every follow-up assessment. Thus, knowledge of HIV antibody status appears to dispel a sense of gloom in persons who incorrectly believe themselves to be infected with HIV, but does not appear to induce significant distress in those whose expectation of a positive result is confirmed. Both groups reported lower distress than men with ARC or AIDS, suggesting that distress was related more to symptomatology than knowing antibody status. These results suggest the benefits of HIV testing for the considerable proportion of seronegative subjects believing themselves to be seropositive and should be weighted against the more limited induction of distress in seropositives who receive confirmation of their test result expectation. The benefits of testing are also supported by increasing knowledge of the usefulness of early intervention in HIV disease.
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PMID:Results of a one year longitudinal study of HIV antibody test notification from the San Francisco General Hospital cohort. 185 91

Despite the inroads that have been made in the treatment and diagnosis of HIV infection, many health care providers have an attitude of hopelessness and pity. Those of us who believe ourselves to be healthy have goals, aspirations, plans, and projects that guide our living. These are our reasons for living: they provide hope, meaning, and substance to our lives. Each of us conducts our life according to individualized personal choices and priorities as do individuals with HIV infection. The patient's autonomy provides a freedom of choice that extends to benign and harmful methods of maintaining health and preventing illness. The individual chooses what will be of most help. The nurse assesses the patient's activities toward health from the patient's perspective. When these activities involve alternative methods, the nurse needs to assess whether or not these are harmful. Providing a nonjudgmental environment for assessment and care will facilitate the patient's providing information about all activities being used to promote or maintain health or prevent illness. Studies have begun to establish that responses to specific stress situations can result in impaired immunity, so the nurse's effort in helping individuals maintain the highest level of health possible has become even more important. The nurse provides a critical link between the individual and the health care complex for optimum communication, comfort, and care in the pursuit of health.
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PMID:Maintaining health in persons with HIV infection. 281 9

Attitudes of people with HIV disease towards HIV have seldom been measured. However, a well-established scale to measure attitudes toward cancer in those with the disease, the 38-item Mental Adjustment to Cancer (MAC) scale was modified to assess adjustment to HIV disease. We administered the scale to 107 Australian men with HIV infection, of whom 36 had an AIDS-defining condition, who were patients at an ambulatory care facility and in a research study. The data were factor analyzed using a method identical to that used in the development of the MAC scale to determine the latent dimensions of attitudes toward HIV/AIDS. The Mental Adjustment to HIV scale (MAH) factor analysis revealed five factors: Helplessness-Hopelessness, Fighting Spirit, and Denial-Avoidance as in the original MAC scale, plus a Fatalism subscale which also measured Preoccupation, and a new subscale, which measured Belief in Influencing the Course of the Disease. Together, these five factors accounted for half of the variance. These data suggest that while there are similarities between mental attitude to cancer and mental attitude to HIV in the latent dimensions of the questionnaire items, there are also some differences. Most significant is the belief in people with HIV disease in being able to personally influence the course of the illness, and the combination of Preoccupation with Fatalism. The five subscales of the MAH scale had Cronbach's alpha reliabilities between 0.80 and 0.55. The MAH appears to be a useful way to measure total attitudes and subscale scores of people with HIV infection, including AIDS, to their disease.
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PMID:The Mental Adjustment to HIV scale: measurement and dimensions of response to AIDS/HIV disease. 783 58

During October-November 1988 in Kenya, 344 undergraduate male and female students at Kenyatta University completed a questionnaire designed to determine their knowledge, attitude, and practices towards AIDS. This survey also aimed to shed some light on the success of the media campaign launched in February 1988. 98% were familiar with AIDS. Men and women were equally familiar with AIDS. The leading sources of information on AIDS were newspapers (166) and radio (123). Most students knew that weight loss was a symptom of AIDS. Many also knew that coughing was a symptom. Students had vague knowledge of HIV. Students tended to know that AIDS is transmitted through heterosexual intercourse. Men were more likely to have sexual experience than women (72% vs. 28%). The most common way the students would reduce the risk of contracting AIDS was having 1 sex partner (204 students). Few students (44) would use a condom. Creating awareness (174) was the leading way society should fight AIDS. Only 25 students mentioned condom use as a way to prevent AIDS. Most students (60%) thought that persons with AIDS should be quarantined. Most students had an apathetic attitude if they themselves had AIDS. The leading responses to what the students would do if they learned that they had AIDS included wait to die (193) and commit suicide (120). 20% would not help a family member with AIDS and would let him/her die. These findings suggest that, even though almost everyone knew about AIDS, their misperceptions about and attitudes towards persons with AIDS reflect a need for more information on AIDS prevention and on dealing with HIV infected persons. The Ministry of Health needs to put more effort into counseling AIDS patients and to reduce the hopelessness and stigmatizing of persons with AIDS.
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PMID:Kenyan university students' views on AIDS. 803 74

A move away from a narrow, top-down focus on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is urged to maximize the impact of scarce medical services in developing countries. The current emphasis on researching and treating the opportunistic infections characteristic of full-blown AIDS has produced a mood of powerlessness and hopelessness in the medical community as well as the general population. In developing countries, however, early human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is far more common than AIDS and more amenable to successful medical interventions. Non-AIDS patients tend to present with infections such as pulmonary or lymphatic tuberculosis or pneumococcal pneumonia that respond well to standard, inexpensive therapies. Tuberculosis, pneumonia, and salmonellosis are endemic in impoverished, overcrowded Third World communities so clinical initiatives targeted at their treatment would benefit both seropositive and seronegative residents. A strategy that emphasizes an improved clinical outcome for all who present with common treatable infections would further boost staff morale by overcoming the clinical hopelessness associated with efforts to save patients in the late stages of the disease process. Health ministries will have to commit extra staff and resources to meet the increased demand for short-course tuberculosis treatment, and it may be advisable to integrate tuberculosis and bacteriology laboratories. Patients with end-stage HIV disease can be provided with home-based symptom relief, nutritional supplementation, and psychological support.
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PMID:The clinical challenge of the HIV epidemic in the developing world. 790 16

This study was designed to investigate suicidal ideation and attempts, thoughts about living and dying, and the maintenance, diminution and loss of hope in a sample of long-term AIDS survivors. The study sample consisted of 53 gay men enrolled as clients at Gay Mens Health Crisis in New York City who had had an AIDS-defining opportunistic infection at least 3 years prior to study entry. Despite the experience of protracted biological stress associated with life-threatening illness and the psychological stress of living with AIDS, we found low rates of current syndromal mood disorders (6%) or psychiatric distress. While thoughts about death and wishes to die were reported by a significant portion of men, they were context-specific, occurring almost exclusively during serious illness, often accompanied by severe pain or at times of bereavement. Only two men had made a suicide attempt after being diagnosed with AIDS and both had a history of prior (pre-AIDS) suicide attempts. While anger was a prominent affect, hopelessness was not. Overall, we found a high level of positive psychological health independent of HIV illness stage or degree of illness-induced physical limitation.
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PMID:Suicidality in AIDS long-term survivors: what is the evidence? 811 Aug 53


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