Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Compared with conventional chemotherapy, use of liposomes loaded with therapeutic agents is less toxic and more effective in experimental tumours in vivo. We have assessed efficacy and toxicity of liposomal daunorubicin (40 mg/m2 every 2 weeks) in 25 patients with HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma of poor prognosis. In 24 evaluable patients, there were 2 complete remissions (8.3%) and 13 partial remissions (54.2%). 5 of 11 patients with doxorubicin-resistant Kaposi's sarcoma had partial remissions. Median duration of response was 12 weeks. Quality of life improved after treatment with a response rate of 71% for physical performance and 74% for emotion. Myelosuppression was the commonest adverse event. Vomiting, stomatitis, and alopecia were rare and mild. Liposomal daunorubicin is safe and effective in HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma and improves quality of life. The treatment is effective even in patients resistant to other chemotherapy.
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PMID:Liposomal daunorubicin treatment of HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. 809 93

We report two cases of fulminant hepatic failure in HIV-1-infected patients treated with didanosine (ddI). Clinical manifestations including vomiting, diarrhoea and dyspnoea were identical in both cases. Biological data mainly revealed hepatic failure and lactic acidosis. Histological examination of liver biopsies showed diffuse microvesicular steatosis. The outcome was fatal in both patients. The only comparable case previously reported (Lai et al., 1991) showed close similarities in the clinical, biological and histological manifestations with microvesicular steatosis. This prompted us to suspect that ddI might be responsible for fulminant hepatitis in all three AIDS patients. This toxic effect may be added to the list of potential adverse events occurring during ddI therapy.
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PMID:Fulminant hepatitis with severe lactate acidosis in HIV-infected patients on didanosine therapy. 815 Dec 70

This was an open, single centre study, to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ondansetron in the treatment of co-trimoxazole associated nausea and vomiting in AIDS patients. Sixteen patients presenting with their first episode of HIV-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) on high dose co-trimoxazole were given ondansetron 8 mg orally, every 8 h. Measurements were made from data recorded by each patient on diary cards. In this study 11 out of 16 (69%) patients on ondansetron experienced good control of emesis (2 or less emetic episodes) on their 'worst day' of therapy and 8 out of 16 (50%) of patients demonstrated good control of emesis throughout their treatment with co-trimoxazole. Good control of nausea (mild or none) was achieved in 7 out of 16 (47%) patients. A total of 7 patients were able to complete the full course of co-trimoxazole whilst on ondansetron. One serious adverse event (Stevens-Johnson syndrome) was reported and felt to be unrelated to ondansetron. If conventional anti-emetics fail to achieve control of symptoms or have unacceptable side effects, ondansetron may represent a possible alternative.
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PMID:Ondansetron usage in HIV positive patients: a pilot study on the control of nausea and vomiting in patients on high dose co-trimoxazole for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 821 17

Valaciclovir (BW256U87) is an L-valyl ester of acyclovir, which is extensively and almost completely converted to acyclovir. In healthy human volunteers, single valaciclovir doses of 100-1000 mg resulted in dose-proportional increases in acyclovir area under the curve (AUC). The 1,000 mg dose produced an acyclovir peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 5-6 micrograms/ml, AUC6 of 19 hr. micrograms/ml, time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) of 1-2 hr, and half-life (T1/2) of 2.8 hr. Plasma valaciclovir peak levels were < 0.3 micrograms/ml, and the prodrug was undetectable after 3 hr. Multiple valaciclovir doses of 250-2,000 mg given four times daily for 10 days resulted in dose-proportional increases in acyclovir Cmax. There were less than proportional increases in the AUCs. No serious or unexpected adverse events or laboratory abnormalities were reported. In volunteers with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease (absolute CD4 lymphocyte count < 150 cells/microliters), acyclovir and valaciclovir pharmacokinetic results were nearly identical to those in healthy volunteers. At the 2 g dose administered four times daily, steady-state acyclovir Cmax = 8.4 micrograms/ml, Tmax = 2.0 hr, AUC6 = 30.5 hr. micrograms/ml, and T1/2 = 3.3 hr. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain were commonly reported; however, only one adverse event (diarrhoea) was causally linked to valaciclovir exposure. There were no renal or neurologic adverse events. Valaciclovir is well absorbed and is rapidly converted to acyclovir, resulting in three- to fourfold higher acyclovir levels than can be achieved with oral acyclovir, even in patients with advanced HIV disease. The safety profile is generally favourable, with no evidence of nephrotoxicity or neurotoxicity.
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PMID:Valaciclovir (BW256U87): the L-valyl ester of acyclovir. 824 83

A primary HIV infection presenting as an acute viral syndrome in 31-years-old male drug addict is described. Two weeks after the probable infection the patient presented with fever, sweats, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea, myalgia, arthralgia, headaches, macular eruption, generalized lymphadenopathy, paresthesia and thrombocytopenia. These symptoms lasted 7 weeks. The immune abnormalities included an increase of CD8+ lymphocyte percentage resulting in decrease od CD4/CD8 ratio. HIV antigenemia was found 4 weeks after the presumed exposure whereas anti-HIV became detectable 2 weeks later.
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PMID:[Concomitant symptom syndrome of primary HIV infection]. 828 48

After the development of monophasic combined oral contraceptives (COCs), containing a fixed dose of estrogen and progestogen, biphasic and triphasic COCs were introduced in the 1980s; in these the dose of ethinyl estradiol and progestogen changes during the pill cycle. In the so-called every day pills, the 21 pills of active steroid combination are followed by 7 inactive pills containing starch, iron, or bran. Method failures of OCs are among the lowest ranging from 0.2-1/100 woman-years. User failures can be as high as 6.2/100 women-years. The individual difference in peak plasma levels of estrogens in women taking identical OCs can be 10-fold. Conditions that affect the bioavailability of contraceptive steroids are: 1) drug interaction (vitamin C, drugs that induce liver enzymes, and antibiotics); 2) vomiting; 3) vegetarianism; 4) missing pills; and 5) malabsorption. Metabolic effects of COCs pertain to carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, hemostasis, and vitamins. Prescribing of COCs involves counseling clients about contraindications to COCs, starting routines, and the pill-free interval, as well as follow-up and monitoring, the problem of missing pills, and selection criteria for OC use. Medical conditions in which COC use requires special consideration are sickle cell disease, trophoblastic disease, HIV disease, gallstones, epilepsy, valvular heart disease, oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, and surgery. Side effects of COCs may include depression, nausea, vomiting, headaches, urinary tract infection, and lower genital tract infections. 6 months after stopping the OC 1% of users become amenorrheic. Many of the common causes of amenorrhea, such as weight loss amenorrhea and polycystic ovarian disease, may be treated with the COC until the couple desires to have a baby. The new progestogens desogestrel, norgestimate, and gestodene are highly selective compared to first and second generation progestogens.
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PMID:Combined oral contraceptives: acceptability and effective use. 832 4

Between May 1987 and December 1988 in Guinea-Bissau, health workers followed 86 HIV-2 seropositive mothers and their infants delivered at the National Hospital Simao-Mendes in Bissau for 20 months to learn the HIV-2 vertical transmission rate and to compare their clinical findings with those of 102 infants of HIV-2 seronegative women. The ELISA and Western Blot analysis used antigen-purified virions of the SBL-6669 strain of HIV-2 grown on U937:2 cells. During the enrollment period, hospital workers tested 3246 women; tests confirmed that 211 (6.5%) and 3 (0.1%) were HIV-2 seropositive, respectively. 1 HIV-2 seronegative mother seroconverted during the study, but none of the infants of HIV-2 seronegative mothers seroconverted. Infant mortality of cases did not differ significantly from that of controls (16.2% vs. 11.7%). After 1 year of age, however, children of HIV-2 seropositive mothers were significantly more likely to die than the controls (15% vs. 3%; p .05). When the researchers added the children lost to follow up, there no longer was a significant difference in mortality after 1 year (23.9% vs. 24.1%). Just 3 of the deceased infants of the HIV-2 seropositive mothers and 1 of the deceased infants of seronegative mothers suffered from symptoms from symptoms that may have been related to HIV-2 infection. 1 of these deceased infants was HIV-2 seropositive at 12 months. These symptoms included prolonged fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and respiratory symptoms. Children in the study group did not experience more frequent clinical symptoms of HIV-2 infection than did the controls during the 3rd and 4th home visits. At the last visit (i.e., 4th visit; when the children were older than 17 months), none of the children of the HIV-2 seropositive mothers tested positive for HIV- 2. Vertical transmission of HIV-2 infection may be rare.
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PMID:A prospective study of vertical transmission of HIV-2 in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. 835 58

A 31-year-old man was hospitalized for evaluation of chronic diarrhea accompanied by profound dehydration, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and low-grade fever. He had been identified as hepatitis B surface antigen-positive in 1983 and HIV antibody-positive two years later. In 1987, after a diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, he had been placed on zidovudine and prophylactic pentamidine. Subsequently, thrush developed, which was treated with nystatin. The patient's gastrointestinal symptoms were of about six months' duration and originally had responded fairly well to diphenoxylate. More recently, however, he had been losing weight steadily and had required emergency room rehydration on two occasions. A search for stool ova and parasites and routine enteric pathogens, conducted by the outpatient department, had revealed Cryptosporidium cysts.
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PMID:Evaluation of AIDS-related diarrhea. 838 Apr 25

A coprological study realized with 217 HIV adult subjects has allowed to evaluate the frequency of the cryptosporidiosis during this affection in Abidjan. Cryptosporidium sp. has been found in 8.7% of the subjects. Otherwise 78.9% of the patients had a chronic diarrhoea. 89.4% showed an abdominal pain and were dehydrated 94.7% had lost weight and 21% had nausea or vomiting.
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PMID:[Cryptosporidiosis and HIV in Abidjan (Ivory Coast)]. 839 61

A pilot study was initiated to explore a sequential combination antiretroviral regimen in 21 patients with AIDS or advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, who had received little or no prior anti-HIV therapy. The mean entry CD4 cell count was 184/mm3. Patients received 3-week cycles consisting of zidovudine plus acyclovir, dideoxyinosine, and dideoxycytidine for 1 week each. Overall, the regimen was well tolerated for up to 3 years. The principal toxicities were anemia, nausea, and vomiting; 1 patient developed retinal lesions. The mean CD4 cell count reached a peak of 64 cells/mm3 above baseline at week 8 (P = .005 compared to baseline) and remained above baseline for > 40 weeks. Patients also gained weight and had decreases in serum HIV p24 antigen. Eight patients developed opportunistic infections or tumors. Only 4 patients died during 3 years of follow-up. This regimen appears to be generally tolerable and to have anti-HIV activity. Additional studies will be needed, however, to learn how to best combine the available agents in patients with HIV infection.
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PMID:A pilot study of sequential therapy with zidovudine plus acyclovir, dideoxyinosine, and dideoxycytidine in patients with severe human immunodeficiency virus infection. 839 67


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