Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of the study was to characterize in vivo an immunodepressive murine retroviral 'model' for the possible testing of drugs against HIV infection. Urethane leukaemia virus (ULV) injected into adult BALB/c mice (10(5) focus-forming units/mouse) caused a small, significant splenomegaly from 2 to at least 9 weeks after virus inoculation. Virus was also present in up to 60% nucleated splenocytes (XC 'infectious centre assay'). Effects on splenomegaly and virus in splenocytes were assayed following various regimens of zidovudine given as 0.5 mg/ml or 0.25 mg/ml in drinking water. Regimens included continuous treatment both before and after ULV, only before, and only after ULV inoculation. Zidovudine was also given for a limited period immediately after virus, or initiated after virus infection was established. Zidovudine given continuously at and following ULV infection completely prevented splenomegaly and virus expression in splenocytes. No other regimen was as effective; however, limited zidovudine treatment immediately after virus inoculation greatly reduced the effects of virus, while the same dose initiated after virus infection was established had only a small ameliorating effect. We conclude that ULV may prove to be a useful addition to other available murine systems, and this is discussed.
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PMID:Inhibition of urethane leukaemia virus, a murine retrovirus, in mice by zidovudine. 196 87

We observed 12 patients with acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. The clinical syndrome was characterized by fever (all cases), generalized lymphadenopathy (11), arthralgias and myalgias (9), sore throat (9), rash (7), splenomegaly (6), and other less frequent signs and symptoms. All patients had a spontaneous resolution of their symptoms within 5-30 days. Anti-HIV-1 serum antibodies, as measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) at the onset of clinical illness, were negative in every patient. HIV antigen (p24), on the contrary, was detectable in nine cases. Western blot IgM and IgG analysis was serially performed: IgMs were positive in nine cases and IgGs in three. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio was low in all patients because CD8+ were remarkably increased and CD4+ slightly reduced. A laterocervical lymph nodes biopsy was performed in four patients. The morphological and immunohistological pattern of the acute HIV-1-related lymphadenopathy did not correspond to any of the typical ones. The envelope virus protein gp120/160 was found in interfollicular and follicular lymphocytes, in endothelial cells, and in interdigitating and dendritic reticulum cells. The p17 and p24 core virus proteins were mainly detected in endothelial, interdigitating, and dendritic reticulum cells, but in only a few lymphocytes. The follow-up suggests a rapid evolution to ARC and AIDS in patients showing an acute symptomatic HIV infection.
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PMID:Acute HIV-1 infection: clinical and biological study of 12 patients. 196 96

Inhibitors of glycoprotein processing enzymes have been shown to have activity against HIV. Several analogues of the known glucosidase I inhibitor, castanospermine (CAST), were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory effect on glucosidases and for antiviral activity against Moloney murine leukemia virus (MOLV) and HIV-1. The most effective analogue was 6-O-butanoyl CAST (B-CAST, MDL 28,574) with an IC50 of 0.05 micrograms/mL against MOLV. A correlation between inhibition of glucosidase I and MOLV replication was observed. This analogue was further evaluated against HIV-induced syncytial formation in HeLa T4+ cells and against productive infection in JM cells infected with HIV 1 (GB8 strain). B-CAST showed an IC50 of 0.3 micrograms/mL in the HeLa T4+ assay, compared to CAST at 11 micrograms/mL. The compound also was more potent (IC50:0.15 micrograms/mL) than CAST (4-6 micrograms/mL) in JM cells. The antiretroviral activity of B-CAST was further confirmed in Friend leukemia virus (FLV) infection in mice. B-CAST showed equivalent activity to AZT and was more potent than CAST in inhibiting FLV-induced splenomegaly in mice. The data presented herein suggest the potential of these novel glucosidase inhibitors as anti-HIV agents.
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PMID:Inhibition of glycoprotein processing and HIV replication by castanospermine analogues. 207 38

Sore throats are most commonly due to infections, many of which are viral and do not require specific treatment. Symptoms and signs of the common cold, influenza or croup, the occurrence of conjunctivitis in some adenoviral infections, generalised lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly in glandular fever or the presence of vesicles characteristic of herpangina (Coxsackie A virus) or of herpes simplex infection, occasionally enable a clinical diagnosis and avoid the need for antibiotic therapy. In the case of treatable conditions a typical membrane may suggest diphtheria, a scarlatiniform rash infection due to Streptococcus pyogenes or to Corynebacterium haemolyticum, and a cherry-red epiglottis Haemophilus influenzae type b. Associated atypical pneumonia suggests infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydia pneumoniae. Pharyngitis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae may be accompanied by infection at other sites or by other sexually transmitted diseases. Candidal infection, in the appropriate clinical circumstance, should suggest HIV infection. Surgical drainage is required in the case of peritonsillar or retropharyngeal abscess. Noninfectious cases of sore throat, e.g. thyroiditis, are relatively uncommon considerations in the differential diagnosis of acute febrile pharyngitis. The most common problem is to recognise streptococcal pharyngitis, which requires antibiotic treatment for 10 days to avoid the risk of rheumatic fever.
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PMID:The sore throat. When to investigate and when to prescribe. 207

Chloroquine is currently the drug of choice for treatment of acute attacks of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in chloroquine-sensitive areas. In areas of low level resistance, this drug may still be used (25 mg/kg of body weight in three days) in semi-immune patients. In case of failure, or in areas of high level resistance, quinine (25 mg/kg/day for 3 to 5 days) or, in spite of increasing resistance, Fansidar should be prescribed. Mefloquine, Fansimef and Halofantrine ought to be strictly prescribed to delay occurrence of resistance. Severe attacks require quinine by continuous intravenous infusion. Spleen enlargement does not usually require specific treatment unless poor tolerance is observed. Blood transfusions present a considerable risk of HIV transmission. Appropriate malaria treatment may avoid blood transfusions thus preventing HIV dissemination in Africa.
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PMID:[Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Africa (except cerebral malaria)]. 219 75

The predominantly heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Africa suggests that pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) could develop into a significant child health problem in this region. To assist clinicians in recognizing HIV infection in African children, the clinical features of 185 children with symptomatic HIV-related disease diagnosed at the 2 central hospitals in Harare, Zimbabwe, from April 1986-July 1987 were enumerated. In this period, 185 such cases were diagnosed. 83 (47%) involved children 0-12 months of age and another 61 (35%) represented children 13-24 months old. The male/female ratio was 1.0:1.03. The most frequently recorded clinical feature (52% of cases) was generalized lymphadenopathy, with or without hepatosplenomegaly. 45% of HIV-infected children presented with respiratory symptoms and pulmonary infiltrates on chest x-ray. Failure to thrive was present in 38% of cases. Also relatively common were hepatomegaly and splenomegaly (35% and 26%, respectively). Chronic, recurrent diarrhea was present in 21%. Less frequently observed (under 10% of cases) clinical findings were maculopapular eczematoid rashes, parotid swelling, chronic suppurative otitis media, chronic mucopurulent rhinitis, meningitis, and encephalopathy. 3 main clinical modes of presentation were identified--children with failure to thrive or marasmus in association with chronic diarrhea and developmental delay, those with generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly, and children who present with chronic cough with pulmonary infiltrates on chest x-ray.
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PMID:Clinical presentation of symptomatic human immuno-deficiency virus in children. 226 23

The development of visceral leishmaniasis with atypical features in an AIDS patient, and the recent flurry of reports of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected individuals prompted the review of its manifestations in the 47 reported cases. Splenomegaly, which is almost always a feature of visceral leishmaniasis in the immunocompetent host, was absent in eight. Antibodies to Leishmania donovani, which are present in approximately 95 per cent of immunocompetent patients with visceral leishmaniasis, were absent in 29 of 45 (66 per cent) of HIV-infected patients tested. Nine HIV-positive patients with visceral leishmaniasis did not exhibit a primary clinical response to therapy with antimonials and of those who did show a response, relapse occurred in 13, at a mean 4.5 months after stopping therapy. Seventeen patients are known to have died often in association with respiratory disease; Leishmania was seen in one bronchial lavage specimen and in lung tissue in one post-mortem performed. In order to improve the prognosis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients diagnosis will have to be made earlier, taking account of the atypical features, and treatment will need to be improved, both initially and perhaps also by the use of long-term maintenance therapy.
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PMID:Visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infection and AIDS: clinical features and response to therapy. 227 56

The reactive or virus-associated haemophagocytic syndrome (RHS) has been described in association with several different infections and is regarded as clinically and pathologically distinct from malignant histiocytosis. A case is described of this syndrome in a 30-year-old HIV-antibody positive homosexual male who presented with fever, pancytopenia, lymphadenopathy, and massive splenomegaly. The fever and haematological abnormalities resolved following splenectomy, and the patient remains well after 12 months. Prominent histiocytic haemophagocytosis was seen in both the spleen and an abdominal lymph node. Exhaustive tests failed to demonstrate any infectious agent other than human immunodeficiency virus, indicating this to be a case of this syndrome occurring in association with HIV infection.
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PMID:Reactive haemophagocytic syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus infection. 229 85

We report a series of seven patients with reactive hemophagocytic syndrome, which was quite characteristic of its etiological spectrum. Infections were the leading cause, among them a case associated with HIV and another one with Salmonella enteritidis (a hitherto unreported association). The clinical findings consisted of fever, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, rash and pancytopenia. The diagnosis was carried out by bone marrow aspiration-biopsy except in two patients who were diagnosed at autopsy. The difficulty of the differentiation from malignant histiocytosis is discussed: one case of hemophagocytic syndrome due to diphenylhydantoin toxicity (the second reported one in the literature) was histologically undistinguishable from it. We think that, in any etiology, hemophagocytic syndrome is a reactive syndrome with variable intensity. The need for extensive microbiological investigation even in cases of histiocytosis of neoplastic appearance is emphasized.
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PMID:[Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome: analysis of a series of 7 cases]. 232 64

Ten rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and six fascicularis (Macaca fascicularis) macaques were inoculated with HIV-2ben using three different virus preparations and two routes of inoculation. Thirteen of the 16 inoculated macaques seroconverted 2-6 weeks after infection. Three M. mulatta remained seronegative. The seroconverted animals developed antibody titres from 80 to 40,000. Their antibodies reacted with gp160 and gp130 and, in varying degrees, with gp32 and core proteins. Virus could be re-isolated from 11 of the 16 macaques. M. mulatta were transiently viraemic 6-14 weeks after infection whereas all M. fascicularis were persistently viraemic 2-7 weeks after infection onwards. In the 6-18 months after infection one M. mulatta lost 20% of its body weight and two M. fascicularis showed transient lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly; the other animals remained clinically normal. A re-isolated virus from a M. mulatta was indistinguishable from the inoculated HIV-2ben by genomic restriction enzyme analysis. M. mulatta and M. fascicularis are infectable by a single intravenous injection of cell-free HIV-2ben. Persistent viraemia in M. fascicularis represents a valuable and reliable parameter for studies on antivirals and vaccines.
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PMID:Experimental infection of macaques with HIV-2ben, a novel HIV-2 isolate. 239 54


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