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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the United States, the decades preceding the 1980s were characterized by a decline in the incidence of tuberculosis. More recently, the trend has undergone a significant reversal: Case rates have been increasing by 3% to 6% annually. In 1990, more than 25,700 cases were reported to the Centers for Disease Control. In a sense, tuberculosis is adapting to the '90s. The recent increase in its incidence tends to affect populations with identifiable characteristics. Among the most important of these groups are the populations at high risk for infection by the human immunodeficiency virus. The increase is also fueled by cases in populations that are medically underserved, including foreign-born persons from high-prevalence countries, persons with low incomes, and persons living in long-term-care facilities--especially persons with previous tuberculosis infection. Thus, factors such as homelessness, chronic alcohol or drug abuse, malnutrition, and crowded living conditions continue to favor development and transmission of disease. The increase in the incidence of tuberculosis appears to be greatest when subpopulations in such circumstances are also at high risk for HIV infection. Complex issues in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis arise from these epidemiologic patterns. HIV infection is associated with unusual presentations of tuberculosis. Thus, the clinician must maintain a high index of suspicion for the disease in the setting of HIV infection or risk of the infection. The populations at greatest risk are likely to be mistrustful of the medical system, making the long-term administration of potentially toxic chemotherapy more difficult than it already is. Chronic substance abuse may complicate compliance and add further difficulties to the monitoring of chemotherapy. At the same time, the monitoring becomes even more important in the physician's effort to minimize adverse effects of the medications. Outbreaks of drug-resistant disease have recently occurred, complicating the selection of drugs and affecting the duration of treatment. Despite all of these problems, it is essential to establish a diagnosis and initiate treatment rapidly, both to arrest the disease process and to limit its transmission. Since Mycobacterium tuberculosis is spread to uninfected persons in aerosols generated by coughing or sneezing, the infectiousness of a patient with active disease can be related, at least in part, to the number of organisms seen on sputum smears. Initiation of therapy is followed by a rapid decline in infectivity.
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PMID:Tuberculosis: a disease of the 1990s. 191 97

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (Imuthiol, DTC) has previously been observed to promote T-cell maturation in animal models and to reduce lymphadenopathy and improve survival in a murine AIDS model. In addition, several clinical studies have suggested that one dosage regimen may be active in patients with HIV infection. We conducted a randomized, controlled dose response study of intravenous DTC in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC). Drug associated toxicities included gastrointestinal upset, burning at the infusion site, metallic taste, sneezing, confusional states, hyperactivity, delusional thinking, and myoclonus. Toxicity was ameliorated by dose reduction. The maximally tolerated dose varied for individual patients from 200 mg/m2 weekly to 800 mg/m2 twice weekly. No myelosuppression was observed. In patients with greater than 200 CD4+ cells/uL, a statistically significant reduction of lymphadenopathy occurred; whereas no beneficial effects were observed in patients with less than 200 CD4+ cells/uL. Improvement in symptom score and stabilization of CD4+ count also occurred in the treated group, although these trends did not reach statistical significance. Further controlled clinical trials of DTC in earlier HIV infection are warranted.
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PMID:A randomized, controlled dose response study of intravenous sodium diethyldithiocarbamate in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. 255 13

Three independent cross-sectional surveys of public knowledge and attitudes about AIDS were conducted on a representative sample of people aged 15-54 resident in Wales. 1,303 were interviewed in their homes in February 1987, 683 in September 1987 and 676 in March 1988. The results show that most people knew that having sexual intercourse or sharing needles with people with AIDS represented a high risk of catching AIDS. However there appeared to be considerable misunderstanding about the nature of HIV infection such that one in three thought that a man and woman with a single heterosexual partner was at high or moderate risk of catching AIDS. The high level of concern coupled with considerable confusion appears to have contributed to both unnecessary anxiety and prejudice. One in four people thought that kissing or being spat on by a person with AIDS represented a high or moderate risk, and one in six thought that coughing, sneezing and sharing towels, soap, drinking utensils or lavatory seats were routes of transmission. More than 50% of men and 40% of women said that it was their own fault if homosexuals and drug addicts got AIDS and did not feel sorry for them. It is concluded that action to date to limit the spread of AIDS has informed but not yet adequately educated the public. If unwanted anxieties and prejudice are to be diminished, initiatives by government, health services and others must now concentrate on developing understanding about the nature of HIV infection and its spread through more personal education.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Public knowledge and attitudes to AIDS. 278 32

This paper presents information on changes in public knowledge and attitudes to HIV/AIDS in Wales between 1987 and 1992. The results indicate that throughout this period the majority of adults in Wales were aware of the high risk of infection from sexual intercourse and sharing needles with, and coming into contact with the blood of, someone with HIV. Nevertheless, the proportion who said that sexual intercourse with someone with HIV carries a high risk declined, and in 1992 confusion still remained about the nature of HIV infection amongst a substantial minority of respondents. More than one in ten of the adults in the most recent survey were of the opinion that kissing or being near someone with HIV who is coughing or sneezing carries a high risk of infection. The data also indicate that attitudes to those with HIV remained uneven in 1992. Whilst a greater proportion in 1992 than in 1987 held the view that people with HIV should be able to live normally in the community, attitudes appear to have hardened towards those perceived to be practising high risk behaviours, such as injecting drug users and homosexuals. The data also suggest that attitudes appear to be closely related to levels of knowledge. Given the apparent confusion and prejudice highlighted by the surveys, it is suggested that there is a continuing need for general campaigns to maintain public awareness of HIV-related issues, although this must also be complemented by more in-depth targeted education programmes.
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PMID:Changes in public knowledge and attitudes to HIV/AIDS in Wales, 1987 to 1992. 783 59

Knowledge and attitudes about AIDS were investigated in a survey of 792 pregnant women recruited from three hospitals in Jaipur, India. Overall, 51.4% of respondents had heard of AIDS; of these, 70.5% knew that there is no cure for the disease. 44% identified prostitution and sexual promiscuity as risk factors for HIV, and 35% were aware that intravenous drug use is a risk factor. Common among pregnant women were misperceptions that HIV can be transmitted by kissing (21.3%), sharing eating utensils (20.3%), shaking hands (19.1%), and coughing or sneezing (19.4%). 98.7% believed that HIV-infected women should not breast feed. Only 6-12% of pregnant women could identify the signs and symptoms of AIDS. HIV prevention methods cited included health education (39.3%), condom use (36.9%), and sexual monogamy (39.3%). Finally, 38.1% of respondents believed AIDS patients should be helped, while 29.3% supported isolation to avoid disease spread. AIDS knowledge was significantly higher among the 485 pregnant women in the upper income group than the 307 low income women. However, misperceptions about HIV transmission were widespread among both groups of pregnant women, indicating a need for AIDS education programs targeted to pregnant women.
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PMID:Knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women regarding AIDS in a semi arid area of Rajasthan. 928 13

871 of Singapore's 3.1 million people have been diagnosed with HIV since 1985. 90% of these people are male and more than 70% of them report that they were infected through unprotected heterosexual sex. In the context of a growing number of people with AIDS, the government of Singapore plans to begin promoting condom use rather than rely simply upon campaigns stressing the need to remain sexually faithful to one partner. The government plans to increase awareness of HIV/AIDS at the grassroots, and gradually include condom use in public campaigns which now focus upon avoiding casual sex. At Singapore's first national AIDS conference, participants shared studies which showed that although a majority of Singaporeans know that HIV/AIDS is largely transmitted through sex or the sharing of injection equipment in IV drug use, up to 40% worry that they can become infected in other ways, such as from a diseased person sneezing or coughing upon them.
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PMID:Singapore's conservative attitude toward AIDS discussed. 1229 79

More tuberculosis (TB)-related deaths occurred in 1995 than in any other year in history (almost 3 million, vs. 2.1 million for the TB epidemic around 1990). In the next 50 years, as many as 500 million people may develop TB if current rates continue. More and more of these people will develop multidrug resistant TB. TB affects all social groups. It is the leading fatal infection in youth and adults. HIV positive people are more likely to die from TB than any other condition. More women die from TB than all causes of maternal mortality combined. Almost 50% of the world's refugees may have TB. All people are at risk of TB since TB bacteria, which enter the air via coughing or sneezing, can be suspended in the air for hours. Increased air travel and migration have brought TB back to industrialized countries. Multi-drug resistant TB has emerged in New York City, London, Milan, Paris, Atlanta, Chicago, and cities in developing countries. Governments of industrialized and developing countries have been slow to understand the effects of multi-drug resistant TB for public health. During the 1970s and 1980s, TB was greatly neglected resulting in the current multi-drug resistant TB epidemic. Policy makers have not applied the tools discovered by scientists to help eliminate TB. The World Health Organization recommends directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) to fight TB. DOTS can increase the number of cured TB patients two-fold. It can cure almost 95% of TB patients with medicines costing less than $11 in some areas of the world. Yet DOTS is being used to cure only 10% of all TB patients in the world. If it were used in Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russian Federation, South Africa, and Zaire, about 75% of all TB cases would be cured. In DOTS, health workers, not the TB patient, are responsible for curing the TB patient. Poor patient compliance is responsible for the current TB epidemic because TB patients remain contagious and infect others.
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PMID:TB deaths reach historic levels. International (global). 1232 54

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest known diseases and has claimed more lives than any other Today, about one-third of the world's population is infected with TB. In 2003, 1,379 cases of new, active and relapsed TB were reported in Canada. TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Only 10 per cent of infected individuals will develop active TB. Pulmonary TB can be spread by an infectious person through the aerosolization of droplets when coughing, talking, spitting, sneezing or singing. Symptoms of pulmonary TB are a cough with or without sputum production lasting at least three weeks, chest pain, hemoptysis, fever, night sweats, weight loss, lack of appetite, chills and weakness. Extrapulmonary TB is generally not associated with person-to-person spread. Common sites include the throat, lymph nodes, abdomen, intestines, long bones of the legs, spine, kidneys, bladder, skin, eyes and meninges. The risk factors for TB infection and disease include close contact with an active pulmonary TB case, HIV infection or AIDS, inactive disease not adequately treated, low income, underlying medical condition, homelessness, alcoholism, injection drug use, aboriginal background or occupation in health care. Risk settings include travel or residence in an endemic area or work or residence in a correctional facility, shelter, rooming house, residential facility, hospital or long-term care facility. Nurses need to advocate for the prompt diagnosis and isolation of suspected and confirmed TB cases. Knowing when to institute such measures as isolation in a negative pressure room, using respirator masks and limiting interpersonal contacts is vital to the nursing care of TB patients. In addition, the role of the public health department needs to be understood; for example, all jurisdictions have legislated requirements for reporting new positive TB skin tests to public health.
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PMID:Tuberculosis prevention and treatment. 1562 10

A minority of headache patients have a secondary headache disorder. The medical literature presents and promotes red flags to increase the likelihood of identifying a secondary etiology. In this review, we aim to discuss the incidence and prevalence of secondary headaches as well as the data on sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of red flags for secondary headaches. We review the following red flags: (1) systemic symptoms including fever; (2) neoplasm history; (3) neurologic deficit (including decreased consciousness); (4) sudden or abrupt onset; (5) older age (onset after 65 years); (6) pattern change or recent onset of new headache; (7) positional headache; (8) precipitated by sneezing, coughing, or exercise; (9) papilledema; (10) progressive headache and atypical presentations; (11) pregnancy or puerperium; (12) painful eye with autonomic features; (13) posttraumatic onset of headache; (14) pathology of the immune system such as HIV; (15) painkiller overuse or new drug at onset of headache. Using the systematic SNNOOP10 list to screen new headache patients will presumably increase the likelihood of detecting a secondary cause. The lack of prospective epidemiologic studies on red flags and the low incidence of many secondary headaches leave many questions unanswered and call for large prospective studies. A validated screening tool could reduce unneeded neuroimaging and costs.
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PMID:Red and orange flags for secondary headaches in clinical practice: SNNOOP10 list. 3058 18

Tuberculosis is one of the top ten causes of death and the leading cause from a single infectious agent. Drug-resistant Tuberculosis continues to be a public health crisis. Urgent action is required to improve the coverage and quality of diagnosis, treatment and care for people with drug-resistant Tuberculosis. Patients with pulmonary Tuberculosis can spread the disease by coughing, sneezing, or simply talking. For that reason, it is important to diagnosis Tuberculosis in order to start treatment as soon as possible. In the present manuscript we present the case of a 25-year-old Indian HIV-negative female, no comorbidity, with a history of drug susceptible tuberculosis diagnosed in 2015 which advanced in extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis after two years of treatment. This case report highlights the risk of mismanagement of patient affected by Tuberculosis and the consequences related which could harm the patient's health.
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PMID:From pulmonary susceptible tuberculosis to extensively drug resistant tuberculosis: An interesting case report of a young Indian girl. 3282 62


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