Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 52-year-old black woman presented with a 2-day history of lower lip swelling 5 days after starting a new medication, lisinopril. She had never experienced similar episodes in the past. She denied shortness of breath, tightening of the throat, swelling of the tongue, generalized cutaneous eruption, urticaria, or pruritus. She also denied symptoms consistent with facial paresis. Her past medical history was significant for hepatitis C infection, coronary artery disease, and hypertriglyceridemia. She had a 15 pack-year smoking history and denied both alcohol and drug abuse. She had never received a blood transfusion and was HIV negative. Physical examination disclosed a tender, swollen, and erythematous lower lip with induration, oozing, and crusting (Figure 1). Pinpoint openings evident throughout the lip surface exuded a clear, sticky, mucoid secretion. Tongue, parotid glands, and regional lymph nodes were normal. The working diagnosis was angioedema secondary to lisinopril. The presumptive offending drug was discontinued, and conservative therapy (topical clobetasol ointment, oral ranitidine, and oral fexofenadine) was initiated. Despite treatment, signs and symptoms persisted unabated. One week after initial presentation, a punch biopsy of her lower lip was taken to rule out granulomatous cheilitis and sarcoidosis. Histopathology included diffuse lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, minimal microabscess formation, and notable absence of granulomata. There was neither hypertrophy nor detectable abnormality of the salivary glands, with the exception of infiltrating mononuclear cells. Based on the clinical history and compatible pathologic findings, a diagnosis of cheilitis glandularis was made. Specifically, crusting and erosion clinically suggested a diagnosis of the superficial suppurative subtype of cheilitis glandularis. The patient received oral penicillin (dicloxacillin, 1.0 g/d) combined with oral fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin, 1.0 g/d). Within 2 weeks of starting the antibiotics, the lip swelling significantly decreased (Figure 2) and the patient was left with a mildly indurated nodule at the labial commissure. Following a 4-week course of continued antibiotic treatment, the lip returned to near baseline state. At both 6-month and 1-year follow-up visits, the lip remained normal.
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PMID:Cheilitis glandularis in an African-American woman: response to antibiotic therapy. 1627 62

In 2001, the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis increased in the United States for the first time in a decade. Increasing rates of early syphilis among men who have sex with men have been reported in many American cities, with similar outbreaks noted in Canada and Europe. In San Francisco, the increase has been particularly sharp and accompanied by an increase in the incidence of neurosyphilis. Early neurosyphilis develops within weeks to years of primary infection and primarily involves the meninges. Syndromes include syphilitic meningitis (often accompanied by cranial neuropathies), meningovascular syphilis (with associated ischemic stroke), or asymptomatic neurosyphilis. Late neurosyphilis occurs years to decades after exposure as cerebral or spinal gummatous disease or the classic parenchymal forms affecting the brain (general paresis or syphilitic encephalitis) or spinal cord and nerve roots (tabes dorsalis). Treponema pallidum, the causative agent, cannot be cultured in vitro, and microscopic techniques are laborious. Thus, diagnosis depends on serologic tests and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination. The suboptimal sensitivity and specificity of these tests complicate diagnosis, particularly among patients coinfected with HIV. CSF examination should be performed to evaluate for neurosyphilis in all patients with positive serum syphilis serology and neurologic, ophthalmic, or tertiary disease, or in those who have failed therapy, and in HIV-infected patients with late latent syphilis or syphilis of unknown duration. Intravenous penicillin G is the recommended treatment for all forms of neurosyphilis and for syphilitic eye disease. An outpatient alternative, if adherence can be assured, is intramuscular benzathine penicillin with oral probenecid. Newer drugs that penetrate CSF, such as ceftriaxone or azithromycin, have not yet been adequately tested for neurosyphilis. Syphilis facilitates transmission of HIV (and vice versa), and thus all patients diagnosed with syphilis should be offered HIV testing.
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PMID:Treatment of neurosyphilis. 1656 77

There have been no serial studies about neuroradiological findings of neurosyphilis in the literature. There have been only case reports concerning HIV negative patients with neurosyphilis. We present 8 HIV negative neurosyphilis patients two of whom are women. The mean age of the patients was 48 years+/-12.37. Five of the 8 patients had general paresis, two optic atrophy and one multiple cranial neuropathies. The CSF findings were quite similar in 6 of 8 patients. In half of the patients cranial MRI showed mild cerebral atrophy. Nonspecific hyperintense small foci in 3 patients are thought to be related to syphilis. Hyperintensity involving bilateral medial and anterior temporal regions more prominent on the left side was seen in one of the patients with general paresis. This finding may be due to cytotoxic edema associated with status epilepticus and may mimic herpes simplex and other limbic encephalitides. Though not typical, certain MRI findings guides for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis.
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PMID:Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings of HIV-negative patients with neurosyphilis. 1734 38

A 52-year-old man was diagnosed with general paresis, whose HIV antibodies were negative. After initiation of treatment with penicillin on the first day, no obvious clinical Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction was found. However, 6 days after treatment, the patient was found more irritable and was unable to fall asleep at night. On the seventh day, worsened magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities in the bilateral medial and anterior temporal lobes were unexpectedly discovered. These worsened MRI abnormalities improved quickly after the addition of dexamethasone treatment. We consider that these transient and slight mental symptoms may be associated with the transiently worsening phenomenon in cerebral MRI findings during the early period of treatment with penicillin. This indicates that some nonspecific inflammatory process has happened in the early stage of treatment, which necessitates the use of corticosteroids after the occurrence of systemic or mental symptoms.
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PMID:Worsened MRI findings during the early period of treatment with penicillin in a patient with general paresis. 1830 44

Herpes zoster is an acute posterior ganglio-radiculitis related to the reactivation of the chicken pox-herpes zoster virus remained quiescent in the neurons of the nerve-knots. It usually occurs at the subject after 60 years old. For young patient, it is closely related to the infection by the HIV. Our exploratory descriptive and analytical study was carried out from 1 October 2002 to 30 September 2003, in order to describe the epidemiological, clinical aspects of the herpes zoster in the medical formations of the town of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and to determine the prevalence of the infection by the HIV in the patients. We have collected 118 patients who have a herpes zoster through 6500 consultants. There were 79 women and 39 men. The average age was 34.4 years. The age bracket from 20 to 40 years was the most touched. The blistered eruption was the first reason for consultation; the light with type of burn, intermittent pain prevailed. The lesions healed in one month but there were 28 ulcerated necrotic cases. Post zoster pains have been observed in 33 cases. The localizations were the members in 44 cases (37.29%), the head in 35 cases (29.66%) and the trunk in 40 cases (33.90%). We have observed a case with double localization of herpes zoster. On 65 patients tested for the HIV, 58 (89.2%) were infected. The age bracket from 20 to 40 was the most concerned. A case of corneal necrosis isolated, with blindness and another with an opposed, spasmodic and total hemi paresis were notified. Fourteen patients having an antecedent of herpes zoster were all infected by HIV. Since the pandemic infection by the HIV, the incidence of the herpes zoster increases within the young population. The high frequency of HIV infection among our patients (89.2%) showed that the herpes zoster is closely related to this disease.
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PMID:[Herpes zoster and human imunodeficiency virus in the medical centers of Ouagadougou]. 1909 9

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by reactivation of latently infected JCV when hosts' immune system is impaired by HIV infection, hematologic diseases, collagen diseases, immunemodulatory therapy and so on. PML was rare but HIV infection and Natalizumab have made it much more common while the prognosis is much better than other PML. PML patients present with various signs and symptoms including hemiparesis, dementia, aphasia, visual disturbance, cranial nerve paresis, cerebellar signs and bladder bowel disturbance. Brain MRI reveals characteristic demyelinating lesions in the CNS white matter and CSF mild increase of protein with or without mild mononuclear pleocytosis. Detection of JCV genome from CSF is crucial for the clinical diagnosis of PML. PML was once thought to be fatal but some HIV infected PML patients showed halting progression or even recovery after introduction of HAART. In addition, anti-malarial drug mefloquine was found to be effective. Recovery of immunity may provoke some inflammatory responses known as immune reconstruction inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) which requires high dose corticosteroid. In Japan, we are providing free test of CSF-JCV genome and organized a unique system for surveillance and clinical research of PML. Using this system we hope to improve diagnosis and therapy of PML in Japan.
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PMID:[Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)]. 2227 75

Neurosyphilis is rather an unusual cause of dementia characterized by a rapidly progressive course and psychiatric symptoms. Diagnosis of neurosyphilis should be suspected in the presence of a global cognitive impairment consisting in disorientation, amnesia and severe impairment of speech and judgement and psychiatric symptoms such as depression, mania and psychosis, with a subacute onset. More commonly, clinical manifestations of neurosyphilis include general PARESIS (involvement of Personality, Affect, Reflexes, Eye, Sensorium, Intellect and Speech). Upon clinical suspicion, diagnosis of neurosyphilis is confirmed by a reactive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-Venereal Disease Research Laboratory. Here we report three Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-negative male patients presenting with psychiatric symptoms and a rapidly evolving dementia. Although magnetic resonance imaging did not address to diagnosis, CSF examination was mandatory in neurosyphilis diagnosis. Other diagnostic tools such as neuropsychology and single-photon emission computed tomography resulted supportive in the diagnosis. We showed that a prompt antibiotic treatment might stop disease progression. Therefore, neurosyphilis should be always considered even in HIV-negative patients in the presence of unexpected psychiatric symptoms accompanied by a rapidly evolving cognitive decline.
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PMID:Neurosyphilis manifesting with rapidly progressive dementia: report of three cases. 2406 12

Hoarseness of voice due to vocal cord paresis as a result of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy has been well recognised. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy is commonly caused by compression due to tumour or lymph nodes or by surgical damage. Vinca alkaloids are well known to cause peripheral neuropathy. However, vinca alkaloids causing recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy has been reported rarely in children. We report a case of an adult patient with HIV who developed hoarseness of voice due to vocal cord paralysis during vinblastine treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma. Mediastinal and hilar lymph node enlargement in such patients may distract clinicians from considering alternative causes of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, with potential ensuing severe or even life-threatening stridor.
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PMID:Autonomic neuropathy resulting in recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in an HIV patient with Hodgkin lymphoma receiving vinblastine and antiretroviral therapy. 2482 52

Although infrequent, Trypanosoma cruzi reactivation is possible among patients with HIV/AIDS infection that develop a tumor-like or granulomatous lesion in the CNS. We report the case of a 60 years old male patient with HIV/AIDS and low CD4 lymphocytes count with cerebellar symptoms and mild paresis, associated to supra and infratentorial hypodense lesions and positive serology tests both to T. gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi. Empirical therapy against toxoplasmosis was prescribed together with antiretroviral therapy but without a favorable response. Brain Chagas disease was confirmed by quantitative PCR in the CSF but he died despite nifurtimox treatment. Despite its rare occurrence, Chagas disease affecting the CNS is possible among patients with HIV/AIDS infection. Epidemiological exposure, a positive Chagas serological test and the image pattern of brain lesions support the suspicion. Diagnosis can be confirmed by molecular test in CSF samples, including new quantitative methods. Despite an adverse prognosis, specific therapy can be attempted besides antiretroviral treatment.
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PMID:[Chagas disease affecting the central nervous system in a patient with AIDS demonstrated by quantitative molecular methods]. 2839 85

Syphilis is a resurgent sexually transmitted infection in the UK that is disproportionately diagnosed in patients living with HIV, particularly in men who have sex with men. Syphilis appears to present differently in patients with HIV, particularly in those with severe immunosuppression. Progression to neurosyphilis is more common in HIV coinfection and can be asymptomatic, often for several years. The presentations of neurosyphilis vary but can include meningitis, meningovascular disease, general paresis and tabes dorsalis. There is debate about the circumstances in which to perform a lumbar puncture, and the current gold standard diagnostics have inadequate sensitivity. We recommend a pragmatic approach to lumbar punctures, interpreting investigations and deciding when to consider treatment with a neuropenetrative antibiotic regimen.
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PMID:Neurosyphilis in patients with HIV. 2947 35


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