Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous organisms with nearly 100 different species found in soil and water. The fatty-acid and wax-rich impermeable cell wall of the mycobacteria allow for adherence to solid substrates such as pipes and leaves, allowing the organism to persist despite treatment with common disinfectants. Mycobacteria can cause infection in both humans and animals. It is difficult to assess the incidence or prevalence of NTM disease due to multiple factors. Nontuberculous mycobacteria infection may be difficult to differentiate from colonization, and when NTM infection is diagnosed, it is not a reportable disease. Furthermore, some species such as Mycobacterium gordonae may be a contaminant. Nontuberculous mycobacteria infection is not a communicable disease, although health care-associated outbreaks have been reported, associated with a single facility or procedure. While the nontuberculous infection may affect other organs, the most common site is the lung, and the most common species is Mycobacterium avium complex, commonly referred to as MAC infection. An increasing occurrence of MAC has been reported, especially in certain populations such as middle-aged or elderly thin women, patients with chronic lung disease, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and cystic fibrosis. An association of NTM infection with gastroesophageal reflux disease has also been noted. The clinical presentation often includes chronic productive cough. Other less common symptoms include dyspnea and hemoptysis. With increased use of computed tomography and high-resolution computed tomography, patterns of MAC pulmonary infection have been described. Recently, the American Thoracic Society has outlined guidelines for the diagnosis and management of NTM infection. Treatment of NTM infection requires at least 3 effective drugs for a minimum of 12 months after sputum conversion to negative cultures. Surgical therapy may be considered for localized disease which has failed medical management. In this article, the clinical presentation, radiographic features, diagnostic evaluation, and management are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infections in Non-HIV patients. 1902 Mar 69

Zygomycosis and aspergillosis are two serious opportunistic fungal infections that are commonly seen in immunocompromised patients. Since both these fungi invade vessels of the arterial system, an early and rapid diagnosis by direct examination of KOH mounts of the relevant clinical sample can confirm the diagnosis. Here, we present an unusual case of a diabetic patient who presented with nasal blockade and bleeding for 2 months, along with occasional haemoptysis for 15 days. On investigation, the patient was diagnosed with a case of rhinocerebral zygomycosis and was treated with amphotericin B (1 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), which was subsequently replaced with liposomal amphotericin B (2 mg kg(-1) day(-1)). However, the patient did not completely respond to therapy as haemoptysis continued. Further investigations revealed the presence of Aspergillus flavus in respiratory specimens. Thus, a final diagnosis of rhinocerebral zygomycosis with pulmonary aspergillosis in a non-HIV-infected patient was made, but due to infection of two vital sites by these fungi, the patient could not be saved.
 ...
PMID:Rhinocerebral zygomycosis with pulmonary aspergillosis in a non-HIV-infected patient: an unusual case report from India. 1907 69

Pulmonary cryptococcosis can be clinically silent in non-HIV infected patients but can also present as nodules and masses on the chest radiograph, which can be mistaken for tuberculosis or lung cancer. Common symptoms include fever and cough, and uncommonly haemoptysis. This report illustrates a non-HIV infected patient whose main complaint was haemoptysis and headache. He was diagnosed with pulmonary cryptococcosis from biopsy of an endobronchial mass found on flexible bronchoscopy. Disseminated cryptoccoccal infection should be considered as a differential diagnosis in non-HIV infected patients presenting with haemoptysis and headache. Early recognition and administration of appropriate therapy will improve clinical outcome in these patients.
 ...
PMID:An unusual cause of haemoptysis and headache: cryptococcosis. 1929 24

To improve understanding about the epidemiology and clinical features of HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB) infection we conducted a prospective, multi-center observational study of HIV-infected TB patients in Thailand. We enrolled HIV-infected patients diagnosed with TB at public health facilities from three provinces and the national infectious diseases referral hospital in Thailand. Patients underwent standardized interviews, evaluations, and laboratory testing at the beginning of TB treatment. We analyzed demographic and clinical characteristics of patients and stratified our findings by level of immune-suppression and whether antiretroviral therapy (ART) was used before TB diagnosis. Of 769 patients analyzed, pulmonary TB was diagnosed in 461 (60%). The median CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CD4) count was 63 cells/microl [interquartile range (IQR), 23-163.5] and the median HIV RNA viral load was 308,000 copies/ml (IQR, 51,900-759,000) at the time of TB diagnosis. Methamphetamine use was reported by 304 patients (40%), marijuana by 267 patients (35%), and injection drug use by 199 patients (26%). Three hundred three patients (40%) reported having been previously incarcerated. Among sexually active patients, 142 (42%) reported never using condoms at all. Patients with CD4 counts <200 cells/microl were significantly more likely than patients with CD4 counts > or =200 cells/microl to have extra-pulmonary TB, fever, fatigue, muscle weakness, no hemoptysis, tachycardia, low body mass index, jaundice, or no pleural effusion. Of the 94 patients that received ART before TB diagnosis, the median time from ART initiation to TB diagnosis was 105 days (IQR, 31-468). HIV-infected patients who developed TB after ART initiation were more likely than other HIV-infected TB patients to have extra-pulmonary TB, a normal chest radiograph, low HIV RNA viral load, or a history of previous TB treatment.
 ...
PMID:Characteristics of HIV-infected tuberculosis patients in Thailand. 1932 40

Complicated parapneumonic effusion is one in which an invasive procedure is necessary for its resolution and empyema means pus in the pleural space. An early diagnosis and therapy of these conditions results in less morbidity and mortality. CT of the chest is important to study complex pleural effusions. Loculated effusions, those occupying more than 50% of the thorax, or which show positive Gram stain or bacterial culture, or a purulent effusion with a pH below 7.20, with a glucose level below 60 mg/dl or a LDH level more than three times the upper limit of normal for serum, are indications for an invasive procedure. These characteristics result from the evolution of a not well treated parapneumonic effusion, through the three stages: (1) exsudative; (2) fibrinopurulent; (3) fibrotic. Depending on the stage therapeutic methods vary from therapeutic thoracentesis, insertion of a chest tube with or without instillation of fibrinolytics, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, and lung decortication. A review of all these aspects are done based on a series of three cases reports with very different clinical presentation: one patient with empyema by Streptococcus pyogenes and that died rapidly due to massive hemoptysis; a patient with empyema due to acute pneumonia developing during an airflight; a patient with empyema and bacteraemia by Streptococcus pneumonia leading to the diagnosis of an unknown HIV infection.
 ...
PMID:Thoracic empyema - a review based on three cases reports. 1940 98

The occurrence of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in HIV-infected patients is extremely rare with only adult patients reported so far. Our patient was a 7-year-old male who presented with fever and cough since 1 month with six episodes of intermittent hemoptysis. The child also had recurrent parotid swellings, melena, and purulent otitis media. Investigations revealed anemia (hemoglobin of 8.9 g/dl), thrombocytopenia (platelet count of 21,000 cells per microliter), and positive HIV antibody (perinatal transmission). The patient's bone marrow aspiration and biopsy suggested AML, and the leukemia panel 1 study showed CD13, CD33, CD34, and HLA DR-positive AML with CD7 expression. The child was given supportive treatment but succumbed to the disease. AML can occur in pediatric patients with HIV infection. A high index of suspicion of hematological malignancies should be kept in mind for patients presenting with cytopenias. This is the first HIV-infected pediatric patient (<12 years) with AML reported in the medical literature.
 ...
PMID:Acute myelogenous leukemia in a child with HIV infection. 1980 31

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is epidemic in the United States, even rivaling HIV/AIDS in its public health impact. The pandemic clone USA300, like other CA-MRSA strains, expresses Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a pore-forming toxin that targets polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). PVL is thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of necrotizing pneumonia, but data from rodent infection models are inconclusive. Rodent PMNs are less susceptible than human PMNs to PVL-induced cytolysis, whereas rabbit PMNs, like those of humans, are highly susceptible to PVL-induced cytolysis. This difference in target cell susceptibility could affect results of experimental models. Therefore, we developed a rabbit model of necrotizing pneumonia to compare the virulence of a USA300 wild-type strain with that of isogenic PVL-deletion mutant and -complemented strains. PVL enhanced the capacity of USA300 to cause severe lung necrosis, pulmonary edema, alveolar hemorrhage, hemoptysis, and death, hallmark clinical features of fatal human necrotizing pneumonia. Purified PVL instilled directly into the lung caused lung inflammation and injury by recruiting and lysing PMNs, which damage the lung by releasing cytotoxic granule contents. These findings provide insights into the mechanism of PVL-induced lung injury and inflammation and demonstrate the utility of the rabbit for studying PVL-mediated pathogenesis.
 ...
PMID:Polymorphonuclear leukocytes mediate Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine leukocidin-induced lung inflammation and injury. 2023 57

This was an eight year (2000-2007) retrospective study of tuberculosis in patients admitted to the UMMC. A total of 131 cases were analyzed. Malays constituted the most cases, (43%), followed by Chinese (22%), Indians (17%) and others (18%). The majority of cases were within the 21-60 year old age group, which constituted 69.5% of the total. Males were more commonly affected (65%). Most cases were reported among Malaysians (83%). The majority of patients were unemployed (39%), followed by housewives (10%), laborers (9%), students (8%), shop assistants (7%), and other occupations (27%). The most common presenting complaints were prolonged productive cough, night sweats, fever, anorexia, weight loss (57%), hemoptysis (34%), and undifferentiated symptoms, such as prolonged diarrhea and dysphagia (9%). Sputum was positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in 89%, but only 69% of cases had abnormal chest radiographs. The majority of patients (65%) developed no complications. The most common complications were pleural effusion, pneumothorax and pulmonary fibrosis. The majority of patients (82%) suffered either from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease or all 3 conditions. Regarding risk factors for tuberculosis, two were HIV positive and two were intravenous drug users. The majority of the patients (85%) did not complain of any side effects from their anti-tuberculosis treatment. Among those who did complain of side effects, the most common were nausea and vomiting (41%), drug induced hepatitis (37%), blurring of vision (11%) and skin rashes (11%). Two cases of death were reported.
 ...
PMID:Tuberculosis: an eight year (2000-2007) retrospective study at the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2057 21

A 43-year-old man, known to be HIV-positive, presented with a six-week history of symptoms including cough, hemoptysis, anterior chest pain, fever and wasting. His CD4 cell count was 46 cells/muL, and his chest x-ray showed a cavitating lesion in the left upper lobe. Sputum culture was positive for Nocardia farcinica. His infection resolved following initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Nocardia is an uncommon opportunistic pathogen in patients with HIV infection and is usually associated with advanced CD4 depletion, cavitary pneumonia, metastatic infection and high mortality. The impact of antiretroviral therapy on Nocardia infection in the setting of HIV has not been clearly elucidated. The current report is the first to present a case in which a complete clinical cure of Nocardia pneumonia has been documented, primarily in response to highly active antiretroviral therapy alone.
 ...
PMID:Nocardia farcinica lung abscess presenting in the context of advanced HIV infection: Spontaneous resolution in response to highly active antiretroviral therapy alone. 2080 49

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare disorder (triad of iron-deficiency anemia, hemoptysis, and alveolar infiltrates). A 3-year-old male presented with mild fever, breathlessness, dry cough, and bluish nail discoloration for 8 days. He had required five blood transfusions in the past 1 year (last transfusion was given 4 months ago). He had a respiratory rate of 58/min with respiratory distress, cyanosis, and grade III clubbing. Respiratory system examination was normal. Several previous reports of hemoglobin were as low as 3.6 g/dl with hypochromic and microcytic anemia. There were transient increases in the hemoglobin and normalization of red cell morphology with blood transfusions. Serum iron, G6PD enzyme assay, hemoglobin electrophoresis, the sickling test, Coomb's test, stool and urine analysis, and a Meckel's scan were normal. HIV antibody and dsDNA were negative. The chest radiograph revealed symmetrical patchy infiltrates sparing lung apices (confirmed on high-resolution computed tomography). Lung biopsy diagnosed pulmonary hemosiderosis (interstitial lung disease with hemosiderin-laden macrophages scattered in the alveoli and areas of fibrosis in the alveolar septa). The patient showed marked clinical improvement in 10 days of therapy with prednisolone. IPH should be listed in the differential diagnosis of a child presenting with unexplained hypochromic, microcytic anemia and respiratory symptoms.
 ...
PMID:Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis: alveoli are an answer to anemia. 2120 22


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>