Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We tested the hypothesis that increases in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) induced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are associated with the increases in slow-wave sleep seen in early HIV infection and the decrease with sleep fragmentation seen in advanced HIV infection. Nocturnal sleep disturbances and associated fatigue contribute to the disability of HIV infection. TNF-alpha causes fatigue in clinical use and promotes slow-wave sleep in animal models. With slow progress toward a vaccine and weak effects from current therapies, efforts are directed toward extending productive life of HIV-infected individuals and shortening the duration of disability in terminal illness. We describe previously unrecognized nocturnal cyclic variations in plasma levels of TNF-alpha in all subjects. In 6 of 10 subjects (1 control subject, 3 HIV-seropositive patients with CD4+ cell number > 400 cells per microliters, and 2 HIV-positive patients with CD4+ cell number < 400 cells per microliters), these fluctuations in TNF-alpha were coupled to the known rhythm of electroencephalogram delta amplitude (square root of power) during sleep. This coupling was not present in 3 HIV-positive subjects with CD4+ cell number < 400 cells per microliters and 1 control subject. In 5 HIV subjects with abnormally low CD4+ cell counts ( < 400 cells per microliters), the number of days since seroconversion correlated significantly with low correlation between TNF-alpha and delta amplitude. We conclude that a previously unrecognized normal, physiological coupling exists between TNF-alpha and delta amplitude during sleep and that the lessened likelihood of this coupling in progressive HIV infection may be important in understanding fatigue-related symptoms and disabilities.
 ...
PMID:Sleep electroencephalogram delta-frequency amplitude, night plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. 861 48

There is compelling evidence that micronutrients can profoundly affect immunity. We surveyed vitamin supplement use and circulating concentrations of 22 nutrients and glutathione in 64 HIV-1 seropositive men and women and 33 seronegative controls participating in a study of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission. We assayed antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E; total carotenes), vitamins B6 and B12, folate, thiamin, niacin, biotin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, free and total choline and carnitine, biopterin, inositol, copper, zinc, selenium, and magnesium. HIV-infected patients had lower mean circulating concentrations of magnesium (p < 0.0001), total carotenes (p = 0.009), total choline (p = 0.002), and glutathione (p = 0.045), and higher concentrations of niacin (p < 0.0001) than controls. Fifty-nine percent of HIV+ patients had low concentrations of magnesium, compared with 9% of controls (p < 0.0001). These abnormal concentrations were unrelated to stage of disease. Participants who took vitamin supplements had consistently fewer low concentrations of antioxidants, across HIV infection status and disease stage strata (p = 0.0006). Nevertheless, 29% of the HIV+ patients taking supplemental vitamins had subnormal levels of one or more antioxidants. The frequent occurrence of abnormal micronutrient nutriture, as found in these HIV+ subjects, may contribute to disease pathogenesis. The low magnesium concentrations may be particularly relevant to HIV-related symptoms of fatigue, lethargy, and impaired mentation.
 ...
PMID:Micronutrient profiles in HIV-1-infected heterosexual adults. 862 65

Fatigue is widely recognized as a significant source of morbidity in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, yet there are few data examining fatigue in this population. We present pilot data assessing the relationship between fatigue and various physical and psychosocial measures in 20 men with HIV infection prior to the clinical development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Fatigue was measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Fatigue Assessment Inventory (FAI). No statistically significant associations were found between fatigue measures and physical parameters including haemoglobin, haematocrit, albumin, total protein, and physical dimension score of the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). The FAI correlated well with Beck's Depression Inventory and SIP-Psychosocial Dimension (r = 0.72 and 0.81, respectively; p < 0.001.) Both the FAI and VAS held moderate associations with the total SIP score. The SIP profile was similar to that observed in a sample of persons with chronic fatigue but without HIV infection, reported previously. Although the sample size is small, our data suggest a stronger association with psychosocial, rather than physical, parameters among persons with HIV infection and fatigue. The implications for clinical management and further research are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Correlates of fatigue in HIV infection prior to AIDS: a pilot study. 874 3

Twenty-one HIV negative Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis C who had congenital bleeding disorders, 15 hemophilia A, 3 hemophilia B, 1 von Willebrand's disease, 1 afibrinogenemia and 1 thrombasthenia, were treated with 9 million units 3 times a week of natural interferon (IFN)-alpha for 6 months. They were followed, biochemically and virologically, for at least 18 months after therapy discontinuation to evaluate the long-term results. Liver biopsy, hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotyping and quantification of viral load by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to identify the predictors of a favorable response to IFN treatment. One male patient with hemophilia A dropped out because of general fatigue and was excluded from evaluation. Ten (50.0%) patients continued to be HCV RNA negative in serum together with normal ALT levels throughout the study. Subtype 1b and a high level of viremia significantly associated with an unfavorable outcome on the response to IFN although liver histology was not definitive for predicting the response. We concluded that a 6-month treatment with high doses of natural IFN-alpha was effective in inducing a long-term response without relapse of viremia in 50% of chronic hepatitis C patients with congenital bleeding disorders and that HCV subtype and pretreatment level of viremia were useful predictors of the response to IFN in treating such patients.
 ...
PMID:A long-term follow-up study of interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis C in Japanese patients with congenital bleeding disorders. 885 94

The lack of an effective HIV vaccine or other biomedical intervention means that behavioural change will continue to be critical to the prevention of HIV infection. Despite near universal knowledge of HIV and sexual safety, and widespread intentions to be safe, rates of unprotected sex and HIV sero-conversion remain high among gay and bisexual men. Explanatory models that link risk-taking and prevention to rational processes such as knowledge, social norms, behavioural intentions, or perceived vulnerability to infection, cannot fully account for the continued risk behaviours observed in virtually all cohorts of gay men. We feel that innovative conceptions of risk and risk prevention are needed, that emphasize non-rational, affective processes in risk-taking and decision-making. Consistent with recent models from social psychology, we propose that for many people sexual risk does not stem from a lack of community norms or personal standards, but from a desire to escape cognitive awareness of very rigorous norms and standards. Being self-aware of HIV risk arouses anxiety and precludes highly-desired activities: fatigue, fatalism, or other negative affect over HIV may lead people to 'cognitively disengage' within the sexual situation, and not to follow their norms or intentions toward safety. We propose that both substance use and the approach of high stimulation or other sexual settings facilitates this cognitive disengagement, wherein people enact 'automatic' sexual scripts and/or become more responsive to external pressures toward risk. We briefly review current psychosocial models of HIV risk behaviour, outline a cognitive escape model with particular emphasis on substance use as a behavioural risk factor, and discuss implications of an escape model for behavioural interventions among gay and bisexual men.
 ...
PMID:Sex, drugs and escape: a psychological model of HIV-risk sexual behaviours. 899 16

Two measures of health-related quality of life in 65 HIV-infected individuals were compared in a cross-sectional design. The Quality of Well-Being Scale (QWB) results in a single score ranging from death to perfect health. The MOS-HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV, 34-item version) gives scores in 11 dimensions. The QWB score distinguished subjects with AIDS from those who were asymptomatic (p = 0.027). For the seven multi-item scales of the MOS-HIV, Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.85-0.95, indicating good internal consistency reliability. Clinical HIV-infection status was significantly associated with the dimensions of Overall Health (p = 0.002), Role Function (p = 0.022), Social Function (p = 0.037), Energy/Fatigue (p = 0.027) and Health Distress (p = 0.025). All eleven dimensions of the MOS-HIV were significantly correlated with the QWB score (Spearman's coefficient = 0.405-0.670; for all, p < 0.01) and the QWB score could be predicted from the MOS-HIV dimension scores using multiple regression. The QWB and the MOS-HIV may be useful in assessing health-related quality of life in patients infected with HIV.
 ...
PMID:The use of two measures of health-related quality of life in HIV-infected individuals: a cross-sectional comparison. 899 97

We examined the relationship of somatic complaints to coping behaviors and mood states among 50 HIV-positive patients without AIDS. Although no patients fulfilled the DSM-III-R criteria for mood disorders including major depression, scores for depressive symptoms were significantly higher in the HIV-positive patients than in healthy persons. Although depressive symptoms in HIV patients may not be strong enough to warrant a psychiatric diagnosis of mood disorders, these patients may be prone to depressive symptoms. The HIV patients indicated a tendency toward somatic complaints more frequently than their healthy counterparts. The scores for depressive symptoms were significantly and positively correlated with scores for avoidance coping responses. The presence or absence of six complaints (i.e., general fatigue, abdominal distress, chest pain or discomfort, and numbness or chills) could be discriminated based on the score of avoidance coping responses. The results of this study suggest that avoidance coping responses associated with depressive symptoms accompany several somatic complaints in HIV patients without AIDS.
 ...
PMID:Liaison psychiatry and HIV infection (I): Avoidance coping responses associated with depressive symptoms accompanying somatic complaints. 907 52

We examined the efficacy of relaxation techniques in a sample of HIV patients without AIDS in the early stages after infection, by comparing the three groups: relaxation group (progressive muscle relaxation and modified autogenic training); ordinary supportive psychotherapy group, and finally no psychiatric treatment group. Scores for anxiety, fatigue, depression and confusion, as measured by the profile of mood states (POMS), were significantly lower after relaxation than before. There were no significant differences in the POMS scores (except for anger) among the three groups. These two results suggest that a combination of progressive muscle relaxation and modified autogenic training is a useful method, which can be easily employed in HIV patients without AIDS.
 ...
PMID:Liaison psychiatry and HIV infection (II): Application of relaxation in HIV positive patients. 907 53

We aim to assess the age-related differences in psychological stress and depression in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Prospective, longitudinal, observational study of patients with HIV followed at a university affiliated VA Medical Center. Fifty-six consecutive patients with HIV infection aged 19-68 were studied. Data on demographics, living arrangements, education, employment, income, social, religious, and community support, medical status, psychological stress, depression, and coping was assessed at baseline and every 6 months. Instruments for psychological testing included Beck Depression Inventory, Profile Mood Status (POMS) scale and ways of coping scale (inventory of coping with illness scale). Sixty-nine per cent (38/56) of the patients were older than 35 years of age. Older patients exhibited significantly greater emotional and psychological stress; the mean POMS score for older patients was 56.8 as compared to 21.5 for younger patients (P = 0.004). Older patients had significantly greater depression (P = 0.001), higher tension and anxiety (P = 0.005), greater anger and hostility (P = 0.03), greater confusion and bewilderment (P = 0.01), and more fatigue (P = 0.003) as compared with younger patients. Older patients were significantly more likely to have intravenous drug use as an HIV risk factor (P = 0.02), less likely to be employed (P = 0.005), and more likely to use non-traditional therapies (P = 0). Intravenous drug use was an independent predictor of psychological stress in older patients. Patients with HIV, older than 35 years of age, are significantly more likely to suffer from depression and psychological stress; intravenous drug use was an independent predictor of stress. Interventions for the treatment of depression should be especially sought in this subgroup of patients with HIV.
 ...
PMID:Psychological stress and depression in older patients with intravenous drug use and human immunodeficiency virus infection: implications for intervention. 914 58

To investigate the incidence of symptomatic primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and its prognostic significance for HIV-1 disease progression, data for 328 homosexual men from four cohort studies were evaluated. Rates of diarrhea, fever, night sweats, cough, and fatigue prior to, during, and after seroconversion were compared by use of Poisson regression, and the prognostic significance of these symptoms was evaluated with survival methods. The incidence of all symptoms was elevated during seroconversion; however, only fever was associated with faster disease progression. Seven or more days of fever was reported by 13.8% of subjects; half of them developed AIDS within 6 years, whereas only one-fourth of the men without fever developed AIDS within 6 years. In addition, fever was the only symptom associated with shortened survival and increased CD4 cell loss. Persons experiencing prolonged periods of fever during seroconversion should therefore be considered for early treatment, including prophylaxis against opportunistic infections and combinations of antiretroviral drugs.
 ...
PMID:Incidence and prognostic significance of symptomatic primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in homosexual men. 920 56


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>