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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

WHO estimates of pediatric AIDS cases are 400,000 by September 1990, not including 300,000 who have already died. WHO projects that 10 million or more infants and children will have HIV infections by 2000, in addition to 25-30 million adults. The primary mode of transmission in most countries is heterosexual contact, resulting in a rapidly increasing prevalence in women of childbearing age. WHO predicts that pediatric AIDS will be a major, and in some countries the predominant, cause of death in children in the 1990s. Even though child survival programs have made progress recently, by immunization and diarrhea control, the fruits of these efforts are expected to be reversed. The world's cumulative total of HIV infected women is about 3 million. In the U.S., 20,000 infants have been born to infected mothers. In contrast, in Eastern Europe, about 1000 children are infected, mostly from unscreened blood transfusions and unsterilized needles and syringes. The impact of childhood AIDS is expected to be an increase in child mortality by 50% in many developing countries. Serious social repercussions for children also stem from projected 10 million uninfected children orphaned by AIDS, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. The only way to lessen this tragedy is for people to protect themselves by practicing safe sex and having sexually transmitted diseases treated.
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PMID:Paediatric AIDS cases send estimates soaring. 208 Dec 98

The objective of this study was to ascertain the seroprevalence and clinical manifestations of HIV-1 infection in Kananga, Zaire, in 1988. In the city of Kananga (population 300,000), eight out of 258 (3.1%) consecutive, asymptomatic, prenatal patients were seropositive. Of 452 consecutive blood donors at our institution, eight (1.8%) were seropositive. Sixty per cent of 299 consecutive, seropositive, clinically ill adults presented with chronic diarrhea, fever or weight loss (Centers for Disease Control group IVA). The male-to-female ratio of symptomatic, seropositive patients was 1:1.5. Women who indicated on a socioeconomic questionnaire that they engaged in 'commerce' (meaning possibly that they were petty traders, wholesale brokers, or prostitutes) were more often HIV-seropositive than women who did not engage in 'commerce' (P less than 0.001).
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PMID:Seroprevalence and clinical manifestations of HIV-1 infection in Kananga, Zaire. 208 3

The protozoon Blastocystis hominis may cause episodes of diarrhoea with abdominal pain, tenesmus, fever and eosinophilia. We have observed 5 cases of blastocystosis in male subjects with symptomatic HIV infection. All patients had a complete response to metronidazole. This report confirms that Blastocystis hominis may be responsible for HIV-related diarrhoea.
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PMID:Blastocystosis: a new disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome? 209 90

The prevalence, risk factors, and incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were studied in a cohort of drug users in Amsterdam. In intravenous drug users, the seroprevalence was 74% (224/304) versus 10% (4/42) in nonintravenous drug users. Risk factors independently associated with HCV antibody seropositivity were history and duration of intravenous drug use and frequency of injections. Daily smoking of heroin in the previous 6 months was independently associated with the absence of HCV antibodies. Periods of fever, tiredness, and diarrhea in the preceding 6 months were associated with HCV antibodies even after correction for human immunodeficiency virus infection. The incidence rate of HCV infection appeared high and stable over the years 1986 to 1989. Thus, HCV infections are common among intravenous drug users and are mainly due to the intravenous use of drugs.
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PMID:Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection among drug users in Amsterdam. 211

Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) is a protozoan that may inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract. In our study we reviewed the signs and symptoms of patients at Wilford Hall with stool specimens positive for B. hominis. These patients fell into four groups, HIV-positive adults, foreign nationals, children, and adults not known to be HIV positive. B. hominis caused an acute self-limited diarrheal illness, or chronic gastroenteritis with nausea, abdominal pain, and mild diarrhea. Metronidazole effectively relieved the symptoms and cleared the organism in some but not all patients.
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PMID:Blastocystis hominis infection: signs and symptoms in patients at Wilford Hall Medical Center. 212 Jun 22

Infection of macaque monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been established as an excellent animal model system for studying the pathogenesis of an HIV-like virus and for evaluating newly developed antiretroviral drugs and vaccines. Based on their genetic, antigenic, and biologic properties, the simian immunodeficiency viruses are the closest known relatives of the human AIDS viruses, and experimental infection of macaque monkeys results in a disease that is remarkably similar to human AIDS. Infected macaques show diarrhea, weight loss, hematologic abnormalities including lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia, lymphadenopathy/lymphoid hyperplasia that progresses to lymphoid depletion, immunosuppression with marked reduction in CD4+ cells and in the CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio, and opportunistic infections. A majority of such macaques die from an AIDS-like disease within one to three years of infection. An acutely lethal variant of SIV has been identified that results in death in susceptible macaques within 7-12 days of infection. Preliminary prophylactic treatment trials with AZT in macaque monkeys exposed to the acutely lethal SIV variant indicate that some protection is provided when AZT treatment is initiated within 24 hours of virus exposure. Other studies with the more chronic SIV infection model, however, failed to show any prophylactic efficacy of CS-87, AZT, D4T, or FDT.
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PMID:Nonhuman primate models for evaluation of AIDS therapy. 212 64

Progression rates from asymptomatic to symptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection according to the CDC classification were prospectively studied in a cohort of 172 seropositive homosexual and bisexual men. The median follow-up time was 4 years. The progression from data of entry to the study to any group IV disease was 56% (SE 7%) at 5 years. However, the progression from an estimated date of seroconversion to any group IV disease was 36% (SE 4%) at 5 years. This was more than double the progression rate to AIDS-14% (SE 3%) at 5 years calculated in the same way. There were no differences in progression to AIDS from group IV A (systemic symptoms such as unexplained fever, weight loss or persistent diarrhoea) and group IV C-2 (oral candida or oral hairy leukoplakia). Progression rates to AIDS were significantly lower (p = 0.02) in patients who were under 25 years of age at entry than in those over 25. A review of progression rates to AIDS among homosexual cohorts shows that they tend to be higher than in cohorts of haemophiliac patients, in the early stage of infection. However, when Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is the outcome measure, progression rates in all studies are remarkably similar.
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PMID:The natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection: a five year study in a London cohort of homosexual men. 165 23

The majority of patients with Aids suffer from diarrhea and weight loss, as well as opportunistic infection and tumors of the gastrointestinal tract; endoscopy is frequently necessary. Often, but not always, it is possible to identify an opportunistic tumor or infection which explains the patient's signs and symptoms. In other cases, HIV may itself be pathogenic. The most important opportunistic pathogens are Candida albicans (stomatitis and esophagitis), cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus (esophagus, stomach, biliary system, colon), cryptosporidium (small intestine, biliary system), Isospora belli (small intestine), salmonella, shigella, and campylobacter (small and large intestine, septicemia), and Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (liver, spleen, intestinal submucosa, and bacteremia). Involvement of the gastrointestinal tract is frequent in Kaposi's sarcoma, though it is often asymptomatic. In contrast, gastrointestinal lymphomas are aggressive and rapidly progressive tumors.
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PMID:[AIDS and gastrointestinal tract: a summary for gastroenterologists and surgeons]. 215 57

A 42 year old male Spanish patient who presented since one year a symptomatic stage IV C1,C2,D HIV infection (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cerebral toxoplasmosis, esophageal candidiasis, Kaposi's sarcoma) became progressively asthenic with weight loss, diarrhea, fever and complained about bone pain. These symptoms could be attributed to visceral leishmaniasis. This novel opportunistic infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of fever of unknown origin in HIV+ patients coming from or having travelled in endemic areas.
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PMID:[Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) and HIV infection. Apropos of a case and literature review]. 218 45

The seroprevalence, clinical epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical presentation in adults, pregnancy women and children, diagnosis, impact and control strategies of AIDS in Africa are covered in this review. HIV-1, the causative virus in AIDS, is epidemic in a central Africa belt from Gabon to the east coast, and from Uganda to Zimbabwe, with the highest prevalence in the lakes and highlands of Central Africa. HIV-2 causes a milder disease in Western Africa centered in Senegal. HIV infections occur primarily in young adult men aged 30-34, women aged 20-24, infants and children under 4, and a few girls. Transmission patterns vary widely depending on sexual customs in the ethnically diverse continent. Prevalence tends to be high in cities and among subgroups such as prostitutes, where promiscuity is restricted. Where female sexual permissiveness exists, seropositivity is high in women generally. Besides sexual behavior, risk factors for HIV in Africa also include uncircumcised man, oral contraception, STDs causing genital ulceration and Chlamydia infection. Transmission to neonates occurs, especially if the mother has advanced AIDS, but transmission by breast milk is uncertain. Transmission by blood transfusion is common because transfusion are up to 10 times as common in Africa as in the West, especially in obstetrics and pediatrics. Clinically, HIV infections present as herpes zoster in 95% of Africans, and commonly as slim disease: weakness, fever, chronic watery diarrhea and weight loss of unknown cause. Associated infection are candidiasis, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, tuberculosis and salmonellosis. Other presenting symptoms are unusual sites of lymphadenopathy, cough and sepsis. Diagnosis can be made by the WHO clinical case definition, or be screening tests, which are now more reliable for African patients than formerly. In Africa, AIDS can cause destitution and disgrace for families, and will probable severely affect progress made national economies because of deaths of young productive adults. Strategies for control of HIV in Africa are outlined.
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PMID:AIDS in Africa. 218 39


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