Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The incidence of diseases among AIDS patients and controls was investigated through autopsies at the General Hospital of Mexico City. Of particular interest was the association between amebiasis and AIDS, and other parasitic diseases. AIDS cases and controls were selected from a registry of 600 autopsies/year which represents about 50% of all hospital-occurring deaths. 94 AIDS cases were obtained between August 1986-December 1989, which represents 85% of AIDS mortality cases. Case controls were matched by month of death, age, and gender in 2 periods, between 1972-79 before the 1st case of AIDS was diagnosed and between 1982-89. Analysis was conducted for each control group, but because results were almost identical, data were pooled and presented as 1 analysis. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios at a 95% confidence interval level. Of the AIDS autopsies, 55.4% were homosexual/bisexual men, 13.8% were infected through blood transfusions, 5.3% through heterosexual contact, and 24.9% in a no-risk category. Results indicate that there is no difference in the relative frequency or severity of amebiasis among AIDS compared with control cases. This finding is unrelated to the administration of antiamebic drugs to AIDS patients, since none were administered during the hospital stay. This finding is also supported by other studies including invasion by E. histolytica among HIV-infected patients in populations with a high incidence of chronic diarrhea. Another common parasitic disease, cysticercosis, was found also to be less frequent among AIDS patients compared with controls. Other infections found to greater than controls among AIDS patients were military tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus infection, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and cerebral toxoplasmosis.
 ...
PMID:The prevalence of invasive amebiasis is not increased in patients with AIDS. 138 96

The underlying degree of immune suppression is an important consideration in the selection of treatment for AIDS-KS. In general, subjects with CD4+ T lymphocytes greater than 500/mm3 require only local therapy unless there is some specific disability caused by the AIDS-KS lesions. Subjects with CD4+ T lymphocytes between 200 and 500/mm3 may respond to recombinant interferon. This therapy is effective in controlling AIDS-KS, can be combined with zidovudine, and has anti-HIV properties. If interferon-alpha with zidovudine is clinically ineffective, systemic chemotherapy may then be required. Subjects with AIDS-KS and CD4+ T lymphocytes less than 200/mm3 should receive PCP prophylaxis, may require systemic chemotherapy, and should be maintained on antiretroviral therapy. Therapy of AIDS-KS is not curative, and a treatment plan of the underlying immune deficiency is essential for planning and implementing rational therapy. AIDS-KS is rarely life threatening but often cosmetically and functionally disabling. Treatment plans remain focused on palliative goals and include reduction of extremity or facial edema, elimination of painful lesions, relief of gastrointestinal disturbances induced by AIDS-KS lesions (including symptoms of outlet obstruction, diarrhea, and rarely blood loss), and reduction of the pulmonary burden of AIDS-KS to improve oxygenation and relieve obstructive pneumonias.
 ...
PMID:AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. 160 60

Chronically immunosuppressed individuals are susceptible to lymphoreticular tumors. Up to 15% of patients with congenital deficiencies such as ataxia=telangiectasia may develop malignancies, mainly high-grade B cell non=Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs). AIDS lymphomas are comprised of NHLs including Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and primary cerebral lymphomas (PCLs). Almost 3% of all AIDS patients (2824 of 97,258 cases) developed NHL. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as a co-factor in AIDS lymphomagenesis has been studied: in 12 cases of 24 AIDS lymphomas EBV by DNA in situ hybridization was found. In an analysis of 6 primary cerebral lymphomas, .5 were positive for EBV DNA by Southern blotting. In Burkitt's lymphoma the characteristic genetic alteration affects the c-myc oncogene. In 1/3 of BL p53 mutations were found but none in the 43 NHLs suggesting that p53 mutations and c-myc activation act synergistically in the pathogenesis of these tumors. Cytotoxic agents dideoxyinosine, dideoxycytosine, and zidovudine may cause secondary neoplasia. 8 of 55 AIDS patients under zidovudine treatment developed high-grade lymphoma 23.8 months subsequently; recently doses were reduced. PCL was found in 21 of 90 patients. A 5.2 months survival was associated with combined treatment with cyclophosphamide, Oncovin (vincristine), methotrexate, etoposide, and cytosine arabinoside compared with 11.3 months with chemotherapy. Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) alleviate drug-induced myelotoxicity and zidovudine-induced neutropenia, however, l8 of 11 patients receiving granulocyte-macrophage CSF developed hematological toxicity. Interleukine-2 produced by T-helper cells enhancing tumor cells cytotoxicity has been used in AIDS-associated cryptosporidial diarrhea and in 4 patients with AIDS lymphoma with modest response, but its stimulation of the HIV-infected substrate may increase viral proliferation.
 ...
PMID:AIDS lymphomas. 161 63

Dental officers, assistant dental officers, and dental assistants attending the Tanzanian Dental Association Annual meetings in 1988 and 1989 in Dar es Salaam were administered pre tested questionnaires on transmission, early symptoms, high-risk groups, and oral signs of HIV infection. 44 completed the confidential questionnaires in 1988 and 45 did so in 1989. The clinical tasks of each group are similar, but their educational requirements vary. While all respondents were aware of at least 1 major means of transmission, 23% and 26% in 1988 and 1989 marked incorrect answers on transmission, most often by articles such as toothbrushes. The total score of correct responses was around 27 both years, and did not differ between groups. For the question on high-risk groups, there were 7 multiple choices that were all correct except female homosexuals. Respondents more frequently checked homosexual men, people with multiple sex partners, and prostitutes, with varying scores for the other high-risk groups as well as lesbians. A higher percentage of dental officers said they had more than 1 sex partner than did junior staff. Similarly, the question on early symptoms of AIDS was a multiple check-off, and respondents also chose symptoms with varying frequencies in both years. Most commonly checked symptoms were weight loss, diarrhea, and weakness. The question on oral signs in 1989 was an open fill-in type question. Dental officers were able to write 1.9 answers on average, staff 2.2, most often candida infections, ulcers and gingivitis. The least often cited signs were angular cheilitis, Kaposi's sarcoma, and leukoplakia. Many could not remember any oral signs. Since oral manifestations of AIDS appear early, and dental practitioners in Tanzania have no gloves or any means of sterilizing instruments except boiling, it is imperative that the knowledge base of dental staff be improved.
 ...
PMID:Knowledge of AIDS and HIV infection displayed by Tanzanian operating dental staff in 1988 and 1989: a follow-up study. 161 88

1. Small-intestine integrity in Caucasian and African patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus was determined by measuring the permeation across the mucosa of two sugars, lactulose and mannitol. 2. The sugars were assayed by h.p.l.c. and pulsed amperometric detection in 6 h urine samples. Stool microscopy for enteropathogens was performed in all patients. 3. The ratio of lactulose to mannitol recovered in urine was increased in Caucasian and African patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Asymptomatic human-immunodeficiency-virus-infected subjects had a normal lactulose/mannitol ratio. African patients with diarrhoea showed a twofold reduction in mannitol excretion. Such a change in mannitol absorption was not detected in Caucasian patients and occurred regardless of the presence of enteropathogens. 4. Altered small-intestinal permeability is associated with symptomatic diarrhoea in human immunodeficiency virus infection in both Caucasian and African patients.
 ...
PMID:Altered small-intestinal permeability associated with diarrhoea in human-immunodeficiency-virus-infected Caucasian and African subjects. 165 33

During the period February 1987-June 1988, the authors examined 542 stool samples of 271 HIV-positive patients both with and without fullblown AIDS. 100 patients with either acute or chronic diarrhea and 180 without diarrhea were studied. The stool samples were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium sp., other protozoa, helminths, and pathogenic enterobacteria. A prevalence of 14.3% of Cryptosporidium sp. in patients with fullblown AIDS and diarrhea was found. No Cryptosporidium sp. was seen among asymptomatic patients. The occurrence of diarrhea was significantly associated with a CD4/CD8 ratio lower than 0.4, with the finding of Cryptosporidium sp. in the stools, being a CDC group IV, and with a positive stool culture for pathogenic enterobacteria. The diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium sp. could not be distinguished on clinical grounds from diarrhea caused by other etiologic agents. (author's modified) (summaries in ENG, POR
 ...
PMID:[Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in diarrheic syndrome in HIV positive patients]. 165 76

Clinical features observed in 60 cases of childhood HIV infection at the Cliniques Universitaires of Kinshasa is reported. Exposure mode, demonstrated in 92% of cases, was essentially maternofetal (65%) and related to blood transfusion (27%). The clinical signs appeared the first year of life in children born to seropositive mothers (82%). The main clinical features were: failure to thrive, high recurrent fever, persistent cough, chronic diarrhea, recurrent respiratory infections, hepatosplenomegaly, generalized lymphoadenopathy and oral candidiasis. Pulmonary lesions were very common (90%). These lesions were related to bacteria in 20 cases, to tuberculosis in 17 cases and to interstitial pneumonitis in 20 cases.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical manifestations of AIDS in children in Kinshasa]. 166 39

AIDS is the leading cause of death among adults in at least two capital cities in Africa: Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, and Kinshasa, Zaire. Knowledge of the causes of morbidity and mortality in HIV-positive people in Africa is, however, less than complete due to limited postmortem diagnostic facilities, difficulties in obtaining consent for postmortem examinations, and a general lack of pathologists. Although HIV affects all organs, either directly or by facilitating opportunistic infections and tumors, pulmonary insufficiency, wasting, cerebral lesions compromising vital centers, and overwhelming toxic systemic infection are the major causes of HIV disease. Virtually every pathological lesion described in developed countries has also been seen in Africa. This paper discusses what is known of the major serious pathologies in sub-Saharan Africa. It is clear that more pathological diagnostic and follow-up data are needed before an accurate picture of the patterns and pathogeneses of the various manifestations of HIV infection in Africa can be drawn. Sections consider HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, non-tuberculosis pulmonary disease, diarrhea and the wasting syndrome, neuropathology, specific systemic infections, tumors associated with HIV infection, and pediatric AIDS in Africa.
 ...
PMID:The pathology of severe morbidity and mortality caused by HIV infection in Africa. 166 11

To assess the importance of microsporidiosis of the small intestine in the pathogenesis of chronic diarrhoea in HIV-1-infected individuals, duodenal biopsy samples from the following three patient groups were prospectively evaluated for bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens by standard methods, and for microsporidia by light microscopy: 55 consecutive HIV-1-antibody-positive subjects with unexplained diarrhoea of at least 3 weeks duration (group A); 38 HIV-1-seropositive subjects without diarrhoea (group B) who consecutively underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for various reasons; and 7 patients without known risk factors for HIV infection with chronic unexplained diarrhoea (group C). In groups A and B most subjects had had previous AIDS-defining opportunistic infections and the median peripheral blood CD4 lymphocyte count was less than 0.1 x 10(9)/l. Microsporidia were detected as the single pathogen in 15 of the group A compared with 1 (in whom diarrhoea subsequently developed) of the group B patients (p = 0.001) and none of the group C patients. With the exception of 4 of the group A patients, no other intestinal pathogens were identified in any of the patients. The median peripheral blood CD4 count was significantly lower in patients with detectable microsporidia than in those without microsporidiosis (0.03 x 10(9)/l vs 0.06 x 10(9)/l; p = 0.03); in all patients with microsporidiosis, the CD4 count was equal to or less than 0.1 x 10(9)/l. 13 patients with microsporidiosis were treated with metronidazole, in 10 of whom treatment led to a substantial improvement or disappearance of diarrhoea within days of starting therapy, but did not result in eradication of the parasite in the 5 patients who underwent repeat biopsy. The findings suggest that small-intestinal microsporidiosis is an important cause of chronic unexplained diarrhoea in HIV-1-infected individuals with pronounced cellular immune deficiency. This infection should therefore be added to the list of AIDS-defining opportunistic infections.
 ...
PMID:Clinical significance of small-intestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-1-infected individuals. 167 61

HIV-2 infection of eight rhesus macaques and two baboons was studied. Most animals were preselected for HIV-2 inoculation by testing their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for susceptibility to virus isolates from the Ivory Coast. The virus strains used (HIV-2UC2, HIV-2UC3, and HIV-2UC7) were also chosen by in vitro screening in PBMC for high replicating ability and cytopathicity. All the animals seroconverted within 2-4 weeks of infection and remained seropositive throughout the duration of the study. One macaque was sacrificed after 2 years, suffering from diarrhea and weight loss, and one baboon died of non-HIV-related causes. The remaining animals are asymptomatic, with normal CD4/CD8 ratios. Virus has been recovered from most animals, and persistent HIV-2 replication has been noted in three macaques and a baboon. Host range studies in T, B, and monocyte cell lines showed little or no differences between isolates obtained after inoculation and the original virus inoculum. However, isolates from the macaque that showed clinical symptoms were more cytopathic as reflected by plaque formation in MT-4 cells. The HIV-2-infected macaque or baboon could be useful as an animal model for elucidating the mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis and for evaluating potential antiviral therapies and vaccines.
 ...
PMID:Persistent infection of baboons and rhesus monkeys with different strains of HIV-2. 167 64


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>