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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The National Minority AIDS Council (NMAC) and model/actress Daisy Fuentes are launching a national awareness campaign to encourage people with HIV/AIDS to discuss anemia with their doctors. The "Celebrate Life" campaign includes public service announcements, a toll-free hotline, and a web site for further information. Anemia is a common complication of HIV treatment, and is easily diagnosed. Persons with anemia often suffer from symptoms including fatigue, shortness of breath, and loss of appetite and sex drive. The campaign contact information is provided.
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PMID:Anemia awareness campaign. 1136 79

Assessments of hunger and/or appetite are common methods of screening for development of illness-related anorexia. There are limited data to determine whether these methods predict actual food intake in persons with HIV disease. Therefore, the authors examined the relationship between self-reported food intake and subjective ratings of hunger and appetite in 31 adults with HIV infection. Participants also indicated presence of additional factors that can decrease amount of food eaten. Subjective ratings of appetite and hunger correlated with each other but not with food intake. Twenty-four additional factors that can affect food intake were reported to be present. The most common were illness-related and factors such as eating with friends or family. These results indicate that measures of hunger and appetite are not sufficient to screen for decreased food intake. Additional factors that can affect food intake should also be included in a comprehensive assessment of adults with HIV infection.
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PMID:Assessment of hunger and appetite and their relationship to food intake in persons with HIV infection. 1138 6

A substantial body of evidence provides support (but not definitive proof of efficacy) for the use of antiretroviral agents as postexposure prophylaxis for occupational exposures to HIV in the healthcare workplace. Despite the lack of definitive evidence of the efficacy of these agents in this setting, over the past decade this intervention has become the standard of care for healthcare workers who sustain occupational exposures to HIV. Administration of these agents--even for a relatively short 28-day postexposure course--is often fraught with difficulty. All of the agents currently used for postexposure prophylaxis regimens have substantial adverse effects, and significant adverse effects occur in more than two-thirds of individuals electing prophylaxis. This manuscript reiterates current US Federal Government guidelines for the administration of postexposure prophylaxis, specifically noting that zidovudine plus lamivudine (with or without a protease inhibitor) remains the recommended regimen. The paper summarises the significant toxicities associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (primarily nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and bone marrow suppression), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (rash, fever, gastrointestinal symptoms and hepatitis, including hepatic decompensation necessitating liver transplantation) and protease inhibitors (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, headache and anorexia). As a class, the antiretroviral agents have an extraordinary number of drug interactions. The non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and the protease inhibitors are metabolised through the cytochrome P450 pathway, and the effects of concomitant administration of protease inhibitors with other agents in the same class are discussed, as well as the effects of concomitant administration of protease inhibitors with non-nucleoside agents. The potential for numerous and medically risky drug interactions emphasises the importance of planning antiretroviral prophylaxis in consultation with practitioners or clinical pharmacists who are skilled in the use of these agents and knowledgeable about the potential for significant drug interactions that could either reduce the benefit of prophylaxis or increase the potential for toxicity. Another common problem encountered by individuals managing postexposure prophylaxis programmes relates to the administration of chemoprophylaxis to a pregnant healthcare worker who has sustained an occupational exposure to HIV. We address what is known about the potential for toxicity and emphasise the recently published warning concerning the deaths of pregnant women and their offspring from lactic acidosis while receiving regimens containing stavudine and didanosine.
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PMID:Tolerability of postexposure antiretroviral prophylaxis for occupational exposures to HIV. 1148 Apr 91

This is a case report of a 29 year old male with pneumocystis pneumonia and tuberculosis, and who was initially suspected of having HIV infection, based on risk factor analyses, but was subsequently shown to be HIV negative. The patient arrived at the hospital with fever, cough, weight loss, loss of appetite, pallor, and arthralgia. In addition, he was jaundiced and had cervical lymphadenopathy and mild heptosplenomegaly. He had interstitial infiltrates of the lung, sputum smears positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Pneumocystis carinii, and stool tests were positive for Strongyloides stercoralis and Schistosoma mansoni. He was diagnosed as having AIDS, and was treated for tuberculosis, pneumocystosis, and strongyloidiasis with a good response. The patient did not receive anti-retroviral therapy, pending outcome of the HIV tests. A month later, he was re-examined and found to have worsening hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, fever, and continued weight loss. At this time, it was determined that his HIV ELISA antibody tests were negative. A bone marrow aspirate was done and revealed amastigotes of leishmania, and a bone marrow culture was positive for Leishmania species. He was treated with pentavalent antimony, 20 mg daily for 20 days, with complete remission of symptoms and weight gain. This case demonstrates that immunosuppression from leishmaniasis and tuberculosis may lead to pneumocystosis, and be misdiagnosed as HIV infection. The occurrence of opportunistic infections in severely ill patients without HIV must always be considered and alternate causes of immunosuppression sought.
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PMID:Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis and visceral leishmaniasis in an adult HIV negative patient. 1150 79

Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 (gp120), the envelope protein used by the virus to gain access into immune cells, induces neurobehavioral alterations in rats. To examine the role of proinflammatory cytokines in mediating these effects, we measured the effects of gp120 on brain proinflammatory cytokine expression and the effects of anti-inflammatory agents, including interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), pentoxifylline (a TNFalpha synthesis blocker) and IL-10, on gp120-induced sickness behavior. I.c.v. administration of gp120 induced the expression of IL-1beta, but not TNFalpha, mRNA in the hypothalamus, 3 h after the injection. Pretreatment of rats with IL-1ra, but not with pentoxifylline, significantly attenuated gp120-induced anorexia and loss in body weight, whereas both agents had no effect on gp120-induced reduction in locomotor activity in the open field. Pretreatment with either IL-1ra and pentoxifylline simultaneously, or with IL-10, produced effects that were similar to the effects of IL-1ra alone. Together, these findings indicate that IL-1, but not TNFalpha, mediates some of the behavioral effects of acute gp120 administration, suggesting that brain IL-1 may be involved in some of the neurobehavioral abnormalities evident in AIDS patients.
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PMID:Involvement of brain cytokines in the neurobehavioral disturbances induced by HIV-1 glycoprotein120. 1193 54

Health workers have four main tools at their disposal for detecting tuberculosis (TB) in patients: clinical symptoms, tuberculin testing, x-ray of the chest, and sputum smear microscopy. The two main detection tools for children are tuberculin skin test and chest x-ray. Signs and symptoms of TB to look for in adults are persistent cough (3 weeks), blood in the sputum, persistent chest pain (1 month), increasing weakness and weight loss, and past history of TB or treatment for cough. TB treatment should not begin until a positive sputum smear is confirmed in cases of pulmonary TB. Health workers should suspect TB if children younger than 5 are in close contact with someone who has confirmed TB, have a strongly positive tuberculin test, and have clinical signs and symptoms. Further tests are usually needed to confirm the diagnosis. In many areas, tests are impossible so health workers need to diagnose TB based on history, physical examination, and clinical symptoms. TB is difficult to diagnose in children because TB is either limited inside the lung or located outside the lungs. Malnourished children with TB usually have a negative tuberculin test. Malnourished children displaying signs of TB or whose X-ray suggests TB should be treated. A recent BCG vaccination can yield a weak positive tuberculin test result. TB signs and symptoms in children are nonspecific. General signs to look for are: unexplained weight loss, anorexia, failure to thrive and gain weight, at least 2 episodes of unexplained fever, swollen lymph nodes (especially in children with HIV), and persistent cough or wheeze (2 weeks). Specific signs depend on the site of infection: whole body, brain or spine, lungs, bones and joints, skin or mucous membranes. This article contains instructions on how to do the tuberculin skin test and sputum smear microscopy.
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PMID:How to detect and diagnose TB. 1229 65

This article reflects the experiences of a Red Cross worker in Kenya diagnosed as HIV positive. Before being diagnosed with AIDS in 1989, the author suffered from vomiting, diarrhea, stomach aches, loss of appetite, painful joints, and swollen glands. Upon the diagnosis of HIV infection, suicidal thoughts were considered. With the help of a counselor, the suicidal thoughts were replaced with positive thoughts. By sharing fears of the disease, death, and related issues, it is hopes that other HIV infected persons will be better able to cope with AIDS. An organization should be established in Kenya for AIDS patients in which they can share their experiences Positive thoughts and attitudes can serve as a source of strength for HIV infected patients.
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PMID:Living positively. 1234 11

Cannabinoids, including smoked marijuana and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (dronabinol, Marinol), have been used to treat human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV)-associated anorexia and weight loss. Concerns have been raised, however, that these compounds might have adverse effects on the immune system of subjects with HIV infection. To determine whether such effects occur, the authors designed a randomized, prospective, controlled trial comparing the use of marijuana cigarettes (3.95% THC), dronabinol (2.5 mg), and oral placebo in HIV-infected adults taking protease inhibitor-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Assays of immune phenotype (including flow cytometric quantitation of T cell subpopulations, B cells, and natural killer [NK] cells) and immunefunction (including assays for induced cytokine production, NK cell function, and lymphoproliferation) were performed at baseline and weekly thereafter. On the basis of these measurements and during this short 21-day study period, few statistically significant effects were noted on immune system phenotypes orfunctions in this patient population.
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PMID:Short-term effects of cannabinoids on immune phenotype and function in HIV-1-infected patients. 1241 40

A 30-year old man of Myanmar origin was admitted to our hospital because of productive cough, anorexia, weight loss and fever. Sputum smear was strongly positive for M. tuberculosis (Gaffky 6) and sputum culture proved M. tuberculosis. Caseous necrosis with Langhans giant cells was observed in the biopsied specimens of the liver and bone marrow. He was diagnosed as miliary tuberculosis. Treatment with combined use of isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and streptomycin was started. After one month, his cough resolved, fever subsided and chest X-ray findings improved. Two months later, non-productive cough and fever recurred. Chest radiograph and computed tomographic scan of the chest revealed diffuse ground-glass opacity. Specimens taken by transbronchial biopsy showed pneumocystis carinii in alveoli. Pulsed use of methyprednisolone with Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was started. The symptoms and chest X-ray findings disappeared and he recovered uneventfully. Tests for HIV infection were negative. Anti-HTLV antibody was negative. There were no other suggestive evidences of immune suppression. CD4+T cell count was low, when Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurred. The relation between miliary tuberculosis, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and CD4-T lymphocytopenia has remained unelucidated.
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PMID:[A case of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during treatment for miliary tuberculosis]. 1260 38

The authors carried out a research project in a nursing consultancy on patients suffering from Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Their study comprised 108 patients. The authors analysed the causes which provoke nutritional problems since the signs and symptoms derived from this disease are associated with opportunistic infections which directly affect nutritional requirements. The authors selected variables which would determine general parameters for a nutritional study: anthropological measurement parameters such as weight, height and other basic vital measurements; Biochemical parameters such as albumin and ferritin; clinical parameters such as diarrhoea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and dysphagia. The biochemical parameters provided evidence in the albumin measurements that 65.28% of these patients suffer from severe malnutrition. With regards to anthropological measurements, basic vitals showed that 16.8 of these patients have a normal range while 52.64% fall below the 10th percentile which demonstrate important levels of cachexia. In the near future, these authors shall publish their study regarding the eating habits of these patients and its relationship to their nutritional status.
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PMID:[Nutrition in HIV patients]. 1450 91


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