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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Between 1982 and July 1987, more than 1200 patients attending St Stephen's Hospital were found to be HIV antibody positive. Four hundred were inpatients and most of the outpatients attended the sexually transmitted disease clinic. Two hundred and twenty-one patients had AIDS, 480 HIV-related disorders and 500 were asymptomatic. Most inpatients had invasive procedures within the operating theatres and there were 25 postmortems. Four hundred and five antibody tests from 220 health care workers from the STD clinic, operating theatres, isolation ward, intensive care unit and clinical laboratories were voluntarily tested for HIV antibody by an ELISA screening method. All were negative, except one male nurse who had other risk factors. Twenty-nine staff suffered needlestick injury with blood of HIV antibody positive patients; none has developed serological evidence of HIV infection.
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PMID:Serological studies on health care workers caring for patients with human immunodeficiency virus. 290 25

The 1st generation of serological tests for anti-HIV-1 gave so many false positives with African sera that it was wrongly postulated that the virus was endemic in Africa. As there is no simian or other virus sufficiently closely related to HIV-1 as to suggest a recent common ancestor, the evolution of HIV-1 is obscure and there is no evidence to support the hypothesis of an African origin. However, the similarity of HIV-2 to SIV and its geographical distribution do suggest an evolution of this virus in west Africa. The earliest anti-HIV-1 positive serum was from a subject in Kinshasa in 1959. Seroprevalence rose in pregnant women in Kinshasa from 0.25% in 1970 to 3.0% in 1980 and 5.7% in 1986. When 2 sexually promiscuous groups are compared, seropositivity rose sharply in female prostitutes in Nairobi from 4% in 1981 to 59% in 1984 and 64% in 1986, a curve which is approximately parallel to, but 3 years later than that of homosexual males in San Francisco. In central and east Africa, HIV-1 is now epidemic from Congo to Kenya and from Uganda to Zimbabwe. In west Africa, both HIV-2 and HIV-1 are epidemic; seroprevalence of HIV-2 is highest in southern Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, and Cote d'Ivoire: HIV-1 had the highest frequency in Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana. HIV-2 has not been reported, and HIV-1 is pre-epidemic in Africa north of the Sahara, Nigeria, Angola, MOzambique, and southern Africa, being found at significant frequency only in female prostitutes, patients with STD, or, in Morocco and South Africa only, in male homosexuals. Seroprevalence is greatest in female prostitutes and patients with STD; infection is more frequent in urban than in rural populations, except in Uganda. The peak frequency is at 30-34 years in males and 20-24 years in females. Other groups at risk are infants born to infected mothers, and those requiring blood transfusions, especially preschool children, patients with sickle cell disease, and pregnant women. The doubling time for seropositivity is about 1 year in the sexually active age range in some populations. Even at existing seroprevalence, decimation or worse of the most productive age groups is inevitable during the next few years in certain countries. Accelerated progression of the disease during pregnancy will lead to higher morbidity and mortality among fertile women than among men. The recent reductions in infant and childhood mortalities will be reversed, and populations may decline. Devastating social, economic, and demographic consequences are forecast. (author's)
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PMID:Seroepidemiology of human immunodeficiency viruses in Africa. 319 Dec 7

The epidemiology of HIV infection emphasizes the need to be able to identify and communicate with female prostitutes as a group. Health education, screening and the prevention of STD in female prostitutes remains an essential priority for the well-being of the prostitutes, their clients and the health of society. However, these goals will not be achieved by compulsory screening, as this will miss the highest risk group. Instead, increased official recognition and measures to encourage female prostitutes to participate in and communicate with the health care system may result in an improvement in our management of these women.
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PMID:Female prostitutes and sexually transmitted diseases. 330 94

This study investigated AIDS and STD knowledge, risk behaviors and condom use among clients of female commercial sex workers in Bali, Indonesia. Although these clients were varied in their socioeconomic status, they all tended to have low levels of knowledge concerning HIV and STD transmission and prevention, multiple sexual partners, low frequencies of condom use with these partners, and experienced frequent STDs. Although HIV sero-prevalence rates are currently low in Indonesia, clients of CSWs are at high risk of HIV transmission. Given their high mobility and frequent sexual encounters with CSWs in other parts of Indonesia, these men could well be agents of rapid spread of the virus throughout Indonesia. Interventions to prevent the spread of the HIV virus must be targeted not only to CSWs, but also to their clients. These interventions should include educational activities concerning AIDS and STD transmission and prevention, condom promotion, efforts to improve condom availability, and activities to strengthen the health sectors' STD diagnosis and treatment capabilities for both CSWs and their clients.
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PMID:AIDS knowledge and risk behaviors among domestic clients of female sex workers in Bali, Indonesia. 748 34

This article on false positive serological reactions for syphilis reviews the rapid developments which have taken place in the serodiagnosis of syphilis in recent years since the advent of the AIDS epidemic. An overview of non-specific and specific treponemal serological tests in relation to acute and chronic biological false positive reactions is followed by closer consideration of syphilis serology in the context of HIV infection, pregnancy and other conditions which may produce false positive reactions.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Are you sure it's syphilis? A review of false positive serology. 754 85

Rates of screening for sexually transmissible infections in patients using different services provided by a genitourinary medicine clinic for testing for HIV antibodies are presented. Those patients whose primary reason for attending the clinic was HIV antibody testing and used the same day result (SDR) service were significantly less likely to be screened for other infections than those using the normal waiting time (NWT) service, (P < 0.00001). This was true for both males and females. Of those patients screened for other infections in the SDR and NWT groups 29% and 35% respectively were found to have a sexually transmitted infection. It would appear that an SDR service offers little benefit for the majority of patients as only a few patients would not have had an HIV antibody test had the SDR not been available.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Testing for HIV antibody: a comparison of two services offered in a genitourinary medicine clinic. 754 87

A retrospective study of the results of cervical cytological screening of HIV-infected women attending an inner city ambulatory HIV clinic over a 6-year period between 1987 and 1992 was carried out. During this time a total of 165 HIV-infected women attended for management of their HIV disease. The results of cervical cytological specimens (smears) were available in 136 (82.4%) women. The risk categories for HIV infection of these 136 women were intravenous drug use 110 (80.9%), heterosexual sex 24 (17.6%) and undetermined 2 (1.5%). Eighty-five (62.5%) of the 136 women were classified CDC group 2, 30 (22%) CDC group 3, and 21 (15.5%) CDC group 4 at the time of initial cytological screening. Forty-one (30.1%) women had mild dysplasia/CIN 1, 21 (15.4%) had moderate dysplasia/CIN 2 and 17 (12.5%) had severe dysplasia/CIN 3. The overall prevalence of dysplasia/CIN was 58.1%. Twenty-seven (34.2%) of the women with dysplasia/CIN had cytological evidence of human papillomavirus infection. No association between the clinical stage of HIV disease and the presence or degree of dysplasia/CIN was demonstrated. Women with cytological evidence of CIN were significantly more likely to have had genital warts than those with no evidence of CIN (OR 3.1, CI 1.1-10). In those women with cervical dysplasia who underwent colposcopic examination, CIN was confirmed in a high proportion of cases. The default rate from colposcopy, however, was high (35.4%).
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Cervical cytological screening in HIV-infected women in Dublin--a six-year review. 754 89

The effect of low pH, normally present in the female genital tract, on HIV viability was examined. HIV is more acid stable than previously reported with no substantial reduction in infectivity occurring until pH levels are reduced below 4.5. The virucidal activity of 3 topical spermicides and chlorhexidine was assessed in vitro using previously established and newly modified assay systems. None of the agents tested had a selectivity index (SI) greater than 5.2. Semen and cervical secretions were assessed for their ability to inhibit HIV-1. While no virucidal effect was found in the latter, seminal fluid was found to have significant activity against HIV-1 and a SI of approximately 50.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:The activity of candidate virucidal agents, low pH and genital secretions against HIV-1 in vitro. 754 90

Serum beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M) rises in the later stages of HIV disease and has therefore been used to monitor progression to AIDS. However, little work has been done on patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis. We studied clinical features and serum beta 2-M in 35 Tanzanian patients treated for pulmonary tuberculosis (9 HIV-positive, 26 HIV-negative). The provisional WHO clinical definition of AIDS for use in Africa was fulfilled by 89% of the HIV-positive and 65% of the HIV-negative patients. Median serum beta 2-M on admission was slightly higher in HIV-positive (3.17 mg/l) than in HIV-negative (2.85 mg/l) patients. Serum beta 2-M fell during treatment in 17/24 (71%) of HIV-negative and 3/7 (43%) HIV-positive patients followed up for 6 months. We conclude that serum beta 2-M is frequently raised in active tuberculosis, and is therefore an unreliable indicator of the stage of HIV disease in co-infected patients. The WHO clinical definition of AIDS also proved unreliable in patients with tuberculosis.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Clinical features and serum beta 2-microglobulin levels in HIV-1 positive and negative Tanzanian patients with tuberculosis. 754 92

During March 1989-December 1992, laboratory personnel at the Evangelical Medical Center in Nyankunde, Zaire, used HIVCHECK (DuPont) to screen 2453 blood donations for HIV. The overall HIV prevalence rate was 5.6% (138 HIV-positive blood donors). The overall trend toward increasing seroprevalence was significant (p = 0.0052). When the researchers divided the data into the initial 13 months of the study and the final 12 months, the overall HIV seropositivity increased significantly (3.7-6.9%; p = 0.009). The subgroups in which it increased significantly were men (2.5-5.8%; p = 0.017) and persons living in rural areas (2-6.1%; p = 0.0008). Yet, HIV seropositivity remained more prevalent among women and urban dwellers (8.6% for both groups). It actually decreased during the study period among urban dwellers (10.5-8.6%). In February 1993, health workers began to inform blood donors that their blood would be screened for HIV. Prior to that, blood donors were not informed of their HIV status. In 1993, the HIV seroprevalence rate was 5% for potential blood donors, 5.5% for urban dwellers, 4.7% for rural dwellers, 6.4% for women, and 4% for men. These findings suggest that HIV infection is expanding to previously less-affected population groups instead of rising in the whole population. They also indicate that the HIV epidemic has stabilized and thus has entered an endemic phase in this area of Zaire. Nevertheless, health professionals must continue to screen blood donations and to use careful, selective transfusion practices.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:HIV seroprevalence in healthy blood donors in northeastern Zaire. 754 93


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