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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bacterial pathogens account for a significant portion of the current STD epidemic in the United States. Gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid are especially rife in the nation's poverty pockets. Chlamydial infection, the most common bacterial STD, is prevalent at all socioeconomic levels. A recurrent theme in these diseases is coexisting infection, sometimes involving HIV.
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PMID:Recent developments in STDs: I. Bacterial diseases. 207 82

Antibodies to human immune deficiency (HIV) virus were studied in 2000 individuals including cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), leprosy, chronic renal failure on haemodialysis and patients attending STD clinics. A group of blood donors was also screened, ELISA kits provided by Wellcome Diagnostics were used. Results indicate that the ELISA values were far above the cut off figure in all except in a couple where the husband who had stayed in Uganda for several years, and had features of full blown AIDS died 4 months after the diagnosis. The spouse contacted AIDS within a relatively short incubation period and died within 6 months of diagnosis. The North Indian population thus appears to be free of this virus so far. This observation will be an important lead mark in the future epidemiology of HIV infection in India.
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PMID:HIV-I antibodies in health and disease. 209

A total of 166 volunteers for an AIDS vaccine study (Vaxsyn, baculovirus produced recombinant GP160; MicroGeneSys Inc, West Haven, Connecticut, USA) were interviewed and examined. Blood was collected for routine laboratory testing as well as T-cell counts, HIV ELISA (EIA), Western blot (WB) and p24 Ag. Eighty-five men (mean age 22.2 years, range 18-42) and 81 women (mean age 23.9 years, range 17-50) volunteered; 130/166 (78%) were university students. Most had learned of the study from news media (55%), friends or workplace (37%). The most common causes for exclusion were the presence of indeterminate WB (26.5%) or a change of mind after the initial interview (24%). Other causes were abnormal cell count and differential (7.2%), elevated alanine aminotransferase (3.6%), positive hepatitis B antibody (3.6%), abnormal urinalysis (3.4%), recent venereal disease (3.0%), T4 cell count less than 400 (1.9%), abnormal chest X-ray (1.7%), recognized high-risk behaviour (1.7%), multiple sex partners (1.2%), positive rapid plasma reagin test (1.2%), failure to meet age criteria (1.2%), unable to be available for entire study (1.2%), abnormal physical examination (0.6%) and positive p24 Ag (0.6%). No volunteers had positive EIA, but 14.5% had more than one reason for exclusion. Even in a community with low prevalence for HIV, a large majority of healthy heterosexual volunteers can be expected to be ineligible for enrollment in HIV vaccine trials. An average of 4.8 volunteers were screened for each of 12 vaccinees chosen.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Mar
PMID:Characteristics of a population volunteering for human immunodeficiency virus immunization. NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Network. 209 87

The protozoon Blastocystis hominis may cause episodes of diarrhoea with abdominal pain, tenesmus, fever and eosinophilia. We have observed 5 cases of blastocystosis in male subjects with symptomatic HIV infection. All patients had a complete response to metronidazole. This report confirms that Blastocystis hominis may be responsible for HIV-related diarrhoea.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Mar
PMID:Blastocystosis: a new disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome? 209 90

A 6-month longitudinal study of psychological variables predictive of condom use and safer sex in homosexually active men was carried out in Adelaide, a city of one million, in a low prevalence area for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Return rate of follow-up questionnaires was 60%, with no significant differences between the returners and non-returners on age, sexual behaviour, condom use, or any of the subscales of the instruments used: Adjective Check List (ACL), Profile of Mood States (POMS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Attitudes toward Condoms scale. Variables associated with increased condom use included personality style, particularly a more assertive and forceful style, which may be important in raising the issue of condom use with partners and promoting condom use in sexual encounters. These data confirm the findings of previous cross-sectional research. Those items significantly associated with change in the Attitude toward Condoms scale are from the subscales measuring Protection from Infection, and Availability, suggesting that these attitudes are those most closely associated with increasing condom use. The variables associated with lack of change to safer sex are consistently those of dysphoric mood state and psychological maladjustment, suggesting that such individuals may need psychological support to assist them to make the change to safer sex. These data support the view that personality and psychological adjustment are important predictors of risk reduction for HIV infection in homosexually active men.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Mar
PMID:Psychological determinants of increased condom use and safer sex in homosexual men: a longitudinal study. 209 96

In order to describe the risk pattern including sexual behaviour among HIV-infected women in Copenhagen we studied the charts of all women tested seropositive between January 1985 and August 1988 in the three main hospitals handling HIV/AIDS. One hundred and fifteen women were positive for HIV antibodies: 35 (31%) were infected by heterosexual contact and 63 (55%) were intravenous drug users. Among the heterosexually transmitted cases 25 (71%) had intercourse with a man from a high risk group and nine women had intercourse with a known HIV antibody positive man without known risk factors. Use of condoms was claimed by 31% of the heterosexually-transmitted women before the HIV test, and by 74% (P = 0.002) after the test. In 1988 73% of the women tested HIV positive were infected by heterosexual contact, in 1985 only 14%. We conclude that among HIV infected women in Copenhagen heterosexual transmission is a problem. These women seem to change sexual behaviour when informed about HIV positivity.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Nov
PMID:Heterosexually acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection in women in Copenhagen: sexual behavior and other risk factors. 209 3

AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases are interlinked. VDRL positivity may indicate that the individual has an increased risk of being HIV positive as the epidemiological risk factors for developing syphilis and AIDS are similar. We analysed 323 (5.8%) VDRL positive serum samples (out of 5592 screened) for HIV positivity. All were HIV negative. While syphilitic infection in India at present is not commonly associated with HIV infection, experience in other countries indicates caution.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Nov
PMID:Syphilis serology and human immunodeficiency virus positivity in Chandigarh. 209 8

This chapter identified three methods by which crack cocaine is distributed at the retail level: the street-corner or walk-up sales system, the runners and beepermen system, and the crack house. The chapter devoted primary attention to the crack house, because it appears as the most popular method for distribution. In examining the crack house, it is noted that there are identifiable styles of crack-house operations. If the quality and quantity of social interaction, as well as the situation in which sellers posture themselves, are taken as indices, then a typology can be created characterizing crack-house operations. One end of the scale is an austere method in which social interaction between buyer and seller is severely restricted; on the other, crack houses operate as tavern-style exchange locations, which include socialization above and beyond that required for the exchange of money for crack. The nature of these exchanges are themselves important, since they involve social behaviors that are of concern. One concern is the degree and nature of violence as it is associated with drug abuse. The data in this chapter describe some ways in which violence appears within the crack subculture. This violence comes from multiple sources, but some prominent ones appear to be the businesslike operations of crack distribution, the personal disorganization that surrounds and characterizes the crack-consuming environment, and the distortions of character that crack users describe as often accompanying significant binges of crack consumption. Distributors use violence to control situations. Violence is most prominently used for security at the point of retail sale, to periodically resolve conflicts with rivals, and to discipline employees when necessary. Insofar as it is described by this group of informants, crack as a social phenomenon is tied to violent and abusive behavior. This chapter reports on behaviors that, although not traditionally violent, are of concern and bear upon public health and safety. Tavern-style crack houses may encourage and make possible hypersexuality among participants and thus increase STD and HIV risks. The use of barter as a supplement to a cash economy in the crack trade represents further complications in creating social policies in reaction to this behavior. A range of other illegal and problematic behaviors was also described, illustrating the complexity of interactions that constitute the life of street-level crack users. The social policies that may be called for in response to these social events are not simple and are most certainly not defined by these particular data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The operational styles of crack houses in Detroit. 209 93

Serum samples of 62 African patients who had clinical manifestations of HIV-1 infection but were seronegative for HIV-1 by ELISA (Organon) were subsequently further tested by another HIV-1 ELISA test (Wellcozyme), HIV-1 IgG Western blot, HIV-1 antigen detection and HIV-2 ELISA. Patients' lymphocytes were cultured for HIV-1 and 2. Because of limited quantities of serum available all tests were not performed on all samples. Seven (26%) of 27 sera of patients meeting the WHO clinical case definition of AIDS were Western-blot-positive. In contrast, of 35 patients' sera with possible HIV related disease, only one (3%) was Western blot positive (P = 0.02) and none of 75 sera from HIV-1 ELISA (Organon) seronegative blood donors (P less than 0.01) were Western blot positive. Of 30 HIV-1 ELISA (Organon) seronegative patients tested with the HIV-1 ELISA Wellcozyme assay only one was seropositive (this patient's serum was also Western blot positive). Of 17 HIV-1 ELISA (Organon) seronegative patients tested, HIV-1 antigen was found in 1 case (6%) (this patient's serum was Western blot negative). None of the 34 patients tested by HIV-2 serology was HIV-2 seropositive. HIV-1 was isolated by culture in 3 (21%) of 14 HIV-1 ELISA seronegative patients (sera of the 3 patients were Western blot negative). In total, 12 (19%) of 62 HIV-1 ELISA (Organon) seronegative patients were found to be positive for HIV, either by Western blot HIV antigen testing or viral culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Sep
PMID:HIV-1 infection in HIV-1 enzyme-linked immunoassay seronegative patients in Kinshasa, Zaire. 209 51

A survey of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related knowledge and attitudes was conducted during July and August 1988 in rural SW Uganda. The aim was to assess the impact of Uganda's AIDS education programme and to consider how future programmes could be more effectively implemented. Four hundred and seventy-six individuals aged 12-45 years were selected by a quota method, to form a sample stratified by age and sex. Mass AIDS education has successfully raised levels of knowledge but misconceptions persist. However, it has failed, firstly, to stress the urgency of AIDS as a personal issue, and secondly, to change negative attitudes toward people with AIDS: 57% would avoid or stigmatise an individual with AIDS. Unexpectedly, findings show that a correlation exists (P less than 0.05) between high levels of 'correct' beliefs and negative attitudes toward people with AIDS. To achieve future behavioural and attitude changes, possible ways forward for Ugandan AIDS education include involvement of HIV carriers in education, small-scale targetted approaches developed by active participation of the target group and through role playing of people with AIDS.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Sep
PMID:AIDS education in rural Uganda--a way forward. 209 52


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