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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence of hairy leukoplakia was determined among 176 symptomatic HIV seropositive patients seen at the outpatient department of the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, Belgium. Moreover, systematic tongue biopsies were performed during postmortem examination of 21 patients with AIDS, 100 HIV seronegative immunocompromised patients with haematologic or other malignancies and 100 HIV seronegative non-immunocompromised patients who died at the University Hospital Antwerp. Hairy leukoplakia was observed in 52 (29.5%) of the outpatients, but only in one (5%) of the AIDS patients in the postmortem study (P = 0.03). An explanation for this difference may be that significantly more AIDS patients who died had received either acyclovir or ganciclovir during the 3 months prior to the postmortem examination than the HIV seropositive outpatients during the 3 months prior to examination. Hairy leukoplakia occurred more often in Caucasian homosexual men with HIV infection (38%) than among heterosexual Africans with HIV infection (17%) (P = 0.06). Hairy leukoplakia was observed in none of the HIV seronegative patients.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:The prevalence of hairy leukoplakia in HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative immunocompromised patients. 150 55

A significant proportion (10%) of notified AIDS cases in Portugal are due to HIV-2 infection as a result of the close connections of Portugal with Western African Countries (ex-Portuguese colonies) where there is a high HIV-2 seroprevalence. We conducted a seroepidemiological study of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in 1400 women attending family planning and antenatal clinics in a health centre in Lisbon with the objective of analysing whether there was evidence of HIV-2 spread in this population. The seroprevalence for HIV, as determined by ELISA and confirmed by Western Blot, was 0.42% (6 cases) and 50% of these were of HIV-2 infection. Analysis of the epidemiological inquiries reveals that out of the 6 seropositive cases, only one was a drug addict (HIV-1) and another a western African black woman (HIV-2). The other 4 cases (2 HIV-2 and 2 HIV-1) were white Portuguese women with no history of travelling to Africa or previous blood transfusions, and the only risk factor was a history of multiple sexual partners (in 3 out of 4).
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Prevalence of HIV-2 infection in a family planning clinic in Lisbon. 150 61

Evidence of reduced levels of needle sharing among injecting drug users (IDUs) has largely been confined to IDUs attending needle exchanges or receiving treatment. In this paper we present the results of a serial cross-sectional study of needle sharing conducted in Glasgow using a multisite sampling strategy. Of the estimated 9400 IDUs in the city, 503 were interviewed in 1990 and 535 in 1991. The proportion of IDUs reporting injecting with, or passing on used needles and syringes in the last 6 months fell significantly as did the number of individuals from whom equipment was received or passed on to. The impact of this level of sharing has been limited in terms of HIV transmission; the prevalence of HIV among the 1990 sample was 2.0% and 1.1% for the 1991 sample. However, the fact that third of IDUs in Glasgow continue to inject, even occasionally, with used equipment gives cause for concern in view of the other pathologies known to be associated with poor injecting hygiene.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Reduction in needle sharing among community wide samples of injecting drug users. 150 63

A retrospective analysis of all culture-positive cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HIV positive individuals, over a 5 year period, revealed 18 cases, drawn from a population of approximately 1500. The prevalence of culture proven M. tuberculosis over the 5 year period was therefore 1.2% and was strongly associated with either a concomitant, or a subsequent, AIDS diagnosis. Sixty-one per cent had pulmonary tuberculosis, 17% had both extra-pulmonary and pulmonary infection and 22% had extra-pulmonary infection alone. Although a wide range of radiological abnormalities was seen, segmental consolidation was the commonest, occurring in 57% of cases. Only 55% of the specimens were positive on initial stains for M. tuberculosis, with a mean duration of 4 weeks to become culture positive, emphasizing that early diagnosis rests on clinical suspicion.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Tuberculosis in HIV seropositive individuals--a retrospective analysis. 154 66

Sexual behavior, condom use, HIV knowledge, and anxiety in women were examined in order to understand the range of sexual behaviors, predictors of safer sex, and the extent of relapse. 153 women drawn from a pool of consecutive attenders at the Central London STD Clinic participated in this cross-sectional sample through interviews and questionnaires. 1/4 of the sample did not respond to safe sex and an additional 14% were unable to maintain it over time. Anxiety and knowledge did not differ between the safe and relapsed groups, but self-efficacy and cognitive variables did. Those who maintained safe sex had significantly less sex. 10% of the sample had unprotected anal intercourse. Most of the women were involved in longer term relationships; however 1/4 had sex outside of the relationship and 1/5 stated that their partners also did. HIV information gathering was passive and 74% felt they could not protect themselves against infection. High concern over HIV was monitored. Condom uptake was low for most of the participants and nonexistent for those who indulged in anal intercourse. 25% participated in HIV testing and these women did not differ significantly in terms of their behavior from those women who went untested. HIV risks for women are a source of anxiety and tailored intervention is necessary to reduce risk and promote dialogue and negotiation.
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PMID:Safe sex and women. 160 8

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) lesions from 31 human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) positive patients and 54 HIV-1 negative adult control patients were examined for the presence and type of MCV DNA by high stringency Southern hybridization using 32P-labelled or digoxigenin-labelled MCV DNA probes. Of the 83 patients whose lesions contained detectable MCV DNA, 77 were infected with a single type of MCV (16 with MCV 1; 29 with MCV 1v; 30 with MCV 2; and 2 with MCV 2v). Five patients had apparent double infections, with hybridization results indicating the presence of various combinations of MCV 1 or 1v and MCV 2 or 2v. When these results were analysed in the light of clinical data no correlations were found between the MCV type(s) detected and the clinical stage of HIV-1 infection; nor between the MCV types and the anatomical site of the lesions or persistence of infection. However, the HIV-1 positive patients were significantly more likely to be infected with MCV types 2 or 2v than were the controls (17/29, 59% versus 15/48, 31%; P less than 0.05). Since a concurrent study of MCV lesions in children aged 15 years or less has shown that the percentage of infections attributable to MCV 2 or 2v is extremely small (3%), this finding suggests that MCV lesions in HIV-1 positive patients are attributable to adult-acquired MCV infection rather than to reactivation of a childhood infection.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Clinical and molecular aspects of molluscum contagiosum infection in HIV-1 positive patients. 157 79

The number of new patients referred to the HIV/AIDS Counselling Unit at the Royal Free Hospital, London, increased from 926 in 1989-90 to 1450 in 1990-91. Follow-up contacts nearly doubled during the same period of time. Growing demand for HIV testing as well as the shift to the treatment of HIV as a chronic condition increased the workload of the HIV/AIDS counsellors.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Increasing workload of an HIV/AIDS counselling service in a London teaching hospital, 1990-91. 157 84

This study monitored HIV seroprevalence among STD clinic attenders as part of a sentinel surveillance program at the Elig Essono STD clinic in Yaounde, Cameroon, between February 1989 and December 1990. 1161 randomly selected patients were evaluated for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence. 26 of the 1161 patients (2.4%; CI 95%; 1.5%-3.3%) tested were found to be HIV positive (mostly due to HIV-1) and 35.4% had antibodies to Treponema pallidum. There was no association between HIV seropositivity and sex, marital status, or educational level. Genital ulcer disease did not correlate with HIV seroprevalence. However, patients with a positive serological test for T. pallidum were more likely to have HIV infection (rr = 2.4; 95% CI; 1.1-3.0). Results from 1990 were double those of 1989 (3.3% vs. 1.6% p = 0.02). Compared with the findings among the same groups in metropolitan areas of various other African countries, the HIV seroprevalence is still low. This could be the result of several factors, such as the recent introduction of the virus into the country, a different spectrum of STDs, and the high level of circumcision of males. HIV infection trends should continue to be monitored among risk groups such as STD patients and control programs implemented in order to reduce the rapid spread of AIDS across the country.
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PMID:HIV prevalence in patients with sexually transmitted diseases in Yaounde, (Cameroon) in 1989 and 1990: necessity of an STD control programme. 158 54

To evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis-B-virus (HBV)-markers in STD patients and the significance of promiscuous heterosexual activity as a risk factor for the transmission of HBV, a serological screening was performed in 499 patients, in addition to the routine STD diagnostic programme. Two groups of patients were evaluated: group 1 (120 patients) was drawn from the STD clinic of the Public Health Office (PHO), group 2 (379 patients) from a private STD outpatient clinic. Promiscuous activity was reported significantly more often by persons of group 1 than by those attending the private clinic (59.3% vs. 5.1%). The infection rate of gonorrhea, syphilis and Chlamydia trachomatis was high in patients of the PHO (46.7%, 35.3%, 27.5%) whereas most of the STDs were seldom ascertained in patients of the private clinic (1.1%, 0%, 5.6%). Similar to other STDs, the prevalence of HBV markers differed significantly between patients of the PHO and those of the private clinic (33.3% vs. 6.3%; p = .0000). Comparison of HBV and other STDs showed the highest coincidence of HBV markers in patients with serological evidence of syphilis (44.2%), and in one third of patients with Neisseria gonorrhoeae as well as HIV infection. The data obtained in the present study demonstrate that also in Austria, in addition to homosexual preference and drug abuse, promiscuous heterosexual activity must be considered a substantial risk factor for the transmission of HBV.
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PMID:Coincidence of hepatitis B-virus markers and other sexually transmitted diseases in different STD-risk groups. 161 Dec 11

In 1987, data from the Centers for Disease Control AIDS data base indicated a 50% prevalence of oropharyngeal Candida infection, a 10% rate of esophageal infection, and .5% rate of bronchopulmonary infection among AIDS patients. Candida-positive blood cultures were found in 13 of 903 AIDS patients, and disseminated Candida infection was ascertained in 11 of 101 post mortem examinations of AIDS victims. 5 of 12 patients with oral Candida infection progressed to AIDS within a 42-week investigation as opposed to only 1 of 17 patients without Candida. In the former group, CD4 counts and CD4/CD8 ratios were also significantly lower. Most infections were caused by Candida albicans. Genital Candida occurs in 5-20% of women in reproductive age. In a study of 66 HIV-infected women Candida vaginitis preceded oral Candida infections which preceded Candida esophagitis. 33 women had vaginal infection, 25 had oral Candida, and 9 had esophageal infection with reduced CD4 counts. Infections of the oropharynx and the vagina are reduced CD4 counts. Infections of the oropharynx and the vagina are treated with amphotericin B, nystatin, miconazole, and clotrimazole. Systemically effective compounds include ketoconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole, although interactions with rifampicin, phenobarbital, and phenytoin used in HIV treatment occur. Fluconazole is contraindicated in C. glabrata and C. krusei infections as it selects for azole-resistant Candida strains. Iv amphotericin B and fluconazole are used in serious infections when oral treatment is ineffective.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Candida infections in AIDS patients. 161 60


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