Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The rel family of genes encodes transcription factors, such as the v-rel oncoprotein and cellular transcription complexes (eg NF-kappa B), consisting of c-rel and related polypeptides. The expression of these genes is correlated most closely with lymphoid cell differentiation and growth stimulation in a variety of cell types. Similarly, rel family proteins control a number of genes involved in lymphoid cell growth and differentiation. Thus, it is not surprising that mutations in rel genes have been implicated directly and circumstantially in a number of lymphoid malignancies, as have a number of other cellular and viral transcription factors (see also Cleary M, Hayman M and Beug H, this issue and reviewed in Rabbitts, 1991). In addition, rel proteins are likely to be involved in T cell diseases caused by the human retroviruses HTLV-I and HIV-1. Therefore, rel proteins could serve as targets for anti-viral or anti-cancer therapies.
 ...
PMID:Role of rel family genes in normal and malignant lymphoid cell growth. 145 Nov 15

The analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA sequences in CEM and Jurkat lymphoid cells infected with the virus has been performed at the subcellular level. Using a biotinylated DNA probe specific for HIV-1, virus RNA sequences were detected on Lowicryl thin sections after immunogold cytochemistry. The labelling observed on the cytoplasm was localized near the plasma membrane connected with extracellular cluster of virions. On free immature and nascent form of the virus the detection of HIV-1 RNA was associated with the peripheral electron-dense structure, whereas on mature form the labelling was concentrated on the central nucleoid known to be the site of the HIV-1 genomic RNA. The identification of virus RNA was also performed simultaneously with the detection of HIV-1 core protein p24 or p17 using a double immunogold labelling. Whereas the HIV-1 RNA showed again a cytoplasmic and virions localization, the structural protein was only observed on viral formations. The cytoplasmic localization of virus RNA, at the time of virus production, suggests that they are of genomic origin destined to be packaged in virions once the assembly of virus structural proteins has taken place in the plasma membrane at the viral budding site. The present molecular investigation conducted at the subcellular level provides insight into the cell periphery distribution of HIV-1 RNA observed at the light microscope as corresponding to the detection of HIV-1 infected lymphoid cells actually releasing virions.
 ...
PMID:Ultrastructural localization of HIV-1 RNA and core proteins. Simultaneous visualization using double immunogold labelling after in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. 145 33

For the sake of clarity and in agreement with the World Health Organization immunodeficiency classification, it is important to distinguish the congenital, inherited malformative lesions called generically 'thymic dysplasia' from the secondary, acquired changes, designated under the broad term of 'severe thymic atrophy'. Thymic dysplasia represents the archetype of thymic changes in cellular immunodeficiency, since there is no example of a thymic dysplasia associated with a normal T-cell function. Thymic dysplasia is observed in several inherited diseases, the most frequent of them being severe combined immunodeficiency. More than the depletion of lymphoid cells, the lack of differentiation of the thymic epithelium, responsible for the absence of Hassal's corpuscles, is the main and constant feature of this condition. Thymic dysplasia underscores the crucial role of the thymic epithelium in the normal differentiation of the T-cell population. Severe thymic atrophy is secondary to various causes, including prolonged protein malnutrition and immunosuppressive or cytotoxic drugs, graft versus host reaction and, chiefly today, chronic viral infection, especially with HIV-1. The morphological changes are similar and are characterized by a partial lymphoid depletion, involving mainly the CD1+ population, necrosis and calcification of epithelial cells, the frequent presence of plasma cells and, more significantly, fibrohyaline changes of the basement membrane of the vessels and thymic epithelium. The severity of the atrophic changes and the immunodeficiency-related manifestations depend on the duration of the aetiological factors and, more significantly, with their early occurrence, within the first months of life. The mechanisms underlying thymic atrophy are poorly understood. A primary impairment of lymphoid cells seems at present to be the most likely hypothesis.
 ...
PMID:Thymic pathology in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. 146 48

Otolaryngologic manifestations of AIDS have been described in the past. In this study, I had examined 14 adults with nasal obstruction and mouth breathing. Nine patients also reported deafness--unilateral in three of them and bilateral in six. All of them revealed a mass in the nasopharynx, either on the posterior rhinoscopy or the x-ray neck-lateral view. To exclude nasopharyngeal malignancy, all of the patients underwent examination of the nasopharynx while under general anaesthesia and biopsy. The histopathologic diagnosis in every patient was nonspecific, reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, which has been described in the background of HIV infections. Four were already confirmed HIV-positive and 10 were found positive on the HIV antibody test. A strong association was established between seropositivity, adenoid hypertrophy, and secretory otitis media in adults.
 ...
PMID:Seropositivity, adenoid hypertrophy, and secretory otitis media in adults--a recognized clinical entity. 147 Apr 53

A phosphorothioate oligonucleotide that has been employed to inhibit HIV-1 viral expression in chronically infected H9 cells was examined for its ability to associate with murine lymphoid cells. The relationship between cellular oligonucleotide concentration and the lymphoid target tissues is important to the selection of an animal model, evaluation of potential side effects, and understanding the actions of a therapeutically useful antisense oligonucleotide. Lymphoid cells were harvested from murine peripheral blood, bone marrow, thymus, lymph node, and spleen. Cell subpopulations that bind the oligonucleotide were distinguished by two-color flow cytometry employing a fluorescein-labeled anti-rev oligonucleotide and phycoerythrin-labeled antibodies to selected cell surface molecules associated with unique subpopulations of cells. Very little oligonucleotide binding was observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or thymic T cells, but substantial numbers of cells, primarily B cells from bone marrow and spleen, accumulated the oligonucleotide. The cell-associated oligonucleotide was increased significantly in lymphoid populations when the cells were mitogen pretreated with either concanavalin-A (ConA), a T cell mitogen, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a B cell mitogen. These data clearly demonstrate the ability of fluorescein-conjugated oligonucleotides to bind to unique cell populations in suspension, allowing simultaneous two-color phenotypic analysis, suggesting that fluorescein-conjugated oligonucleotides may be a useful bridge between in vitro molecular biology techniques and in vivo cell biology. In addition, these data provide optimism concerning the in vivo treatment of chronically infected HIV patients using antisense oligonucleotides.
 ...
PMID:Binding of antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides to murine lymphocytes is lineage specific and inducible. 149 73

Rectal mucosal biopsy specimens from 75 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and 16 HIV-seronegative subjects were examined. The histopathologic changes were correlated with immunoperoxidase staining for UCHL-1 and HIV core protein p24, quantitative p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay in homogenized rectal tissue and serum, and a modified Walter Reed clinical stage. Four phases were seen in the HIV-infected subjects: (1) early phase, in Walter Reed stage 1-2 subjects, with nearly normal histology and low p24; (2) inflammatory phase, typically in Walter Reed stage 3-4 subjects, with a superficial lamina propria infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils with degranulation, abundant UCHL-1 staining, and maximal p24 by both immunoperoxidase staining and ELISA; (3) transitional phase, in many Walter Reed 5 and some Walter Reed 6 subjects, with normal lymphocyte population density but with subtle inflammatory changes; and (4) lymphoid depletion phase, mainly in Walter Reed stage 6 subjects, with decreased lymphocytes but often with endothelial cell activation and apoptosis. These phases presumably result from effective HIV suppression by a relatively intact immune system, followed by maximal HIV infection and lymphocyte activation, then progressive lymphocyte depletion. The inflammation correlated with the presence and amount of HIV in rectal tissue determined by immunohistochemistry and ELISA and was maximal before overt immunodeficiency developed. Intestinal mucosa could be a preferred site of HIV proliferation and T-cell destruction.
 ...
PMID:Rectal mucosal pathology varies with human immunodeficiency virus antigen content and disease stage. 149 43

Replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was inhibited by stable intracellular expression of antisense RNA in the human T-lymphoid cell line Jurkat. When the viral subregion encoding the HIV-1 activator proteins was targeted, the extent of antisense RNA-mediated inhibition was greater than 97% during the first 2 weeks postinfection. Later in the time course, productive HIV-1 infection broke through at high initial infective doses. However, at initial multiplicities of infection equal to or smaller than 0.1, HIV-1 production was not detectable during the 5 weeks of observation. The results underline the effectiveness of stable intracellular antisense RNA expression in inhibiting HIV-1 replication.
 ...
PMID:Tat- and Rev-directed antisense RNA expression inhibits and abolishes replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: a temporal analysis. 150 Dec 92

The Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is essential for productive infection and is a potential target for antiviral therapy. Tat, a potent activator of HIV-1 gene expression, serves to greatly increase the rate of transcription directed by the viral promoter. This induction, which seems to be an important component in the progression of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), may be due to increased transcriptional initiation, increased transcriptional elongation, or a combination of these processes. Much attention has been focused on the interaction of Tat with a specific RNA target termed TAR (transactivation responsive) which is present in the leader sequence of all HIV-1 mRNAs. This interaction is believed to be an important component of the mechanism of transactivation. In this report we demonstrate that in certain CNS-derived cells Tat is capable of activating HIV-1 through a TAR-independent pathway. A Tat-responsive element is found upstream within the viral promoter that in glial-derived cell lines allows transactivation in the absence of TAR. Deletion mapping and hybrid promoter constructs demonstrate that the newly identified Tat-responsive element corresponds to a sequence within the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) previously identified as the HIV-1 enhancer, or NF-kappa B domain. DNA band-shift analysis reveals NF-kappa B binding activity in glial cells that differs from that present in T lymphoid cells. Further, we observe that TAR-deleted mutants of HIV-1 demonstrate normal late gene expression in glial cells as evidenced by syncytia formation and production of viral p24 antigen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:TAR-independent transactivation by Tat in cells derived from the CNS: a novel mechanism of HIV-1 gene regulation. 150 23

HIV infection induces substantial changes in the expression of many lymphocyte phenotypic markers as well as depletion of CD4 lymphocyte numbers. A comprehensive study was undertaken to determine whether seven lymphocyte phenotypic changes associated with HIV infection (increased CD38, HLA-DR, CD57, and CD71 and decreased CD11b, CD45RA, and leu-8) are altered by zidovudine (ZDV) administration. Levels of the four major lymphoid subsets (CD4, CD8, B, and NK cells) and changes in the serum activation markers neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M) were also measured. Elevated pretreatment expression of CD38 and CD71 was reduced significantly toward normal at 2 weeks by ZDV; however, CD38 and CD71 returned to pretreatment levels at different rates. The kinetics of CD38 reduction and the return to pretreatment levels were similar to those of serum neopterin and beta 2M. HLA-DR decreased in many but not all subjects. CD4 lymphocytes showed a transient increase, most evident at 8 weeks of treatment. Lymphoid phenotypes that did not show significant changes after ZDV therapy included CD57, CD11b, CD45RA, and leu-8 markers as well as CD8 T cells, CD20 B cells, and CD56 NK cells. The fact that some lymphocyte phenotypic markers change toward normal with ZDV treatment and others do not indicates that complex processes underlie immune perturbations of HIV infection. Several phenotypic markers (CD38, CD71, and HLA-DR) that are susceptible to short-term effects of ZDV (but with changes that differ from CD4 T cell changes) are surrogate marker candidates for evaluation in anti-HIV treatment.
 ...
PMID:Eleven lymphoid phenotypic markers in HIV infection: selective changes induced by zidovudine treatment. 151 89

Recent advances in clinical research on surface marker analysis of malignant lymphoma cells are reviewed. Malignant lymphoma can be classified into T-cell malignancy or B-cell malignancy, using flow cytometry or immunohistochemical analysis. Based on recent results of immunophenotypic analysis and clinical data, a new clinicopathologic classification of lymphoid malignancy is proposed. T-cell malignancy bearing T-cell receptor of gamma delta-type is discussed. Other recent topics on malignant lymphoma, such as B-cell lymphoma of the pleural cavity developing from long-standing pyothorax, mediastinal large-B-cell lymphoma with sclerosis, HIV-related B-cell lymphoma, and EB-virus genome carrying B-cell lymphoma in ATL are also discussed.
 ...
PMID:[Immunologic phenotype of malignant lymphoma]. 151 37


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>