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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The amounts of interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF-beta) were evaluated by immunoenzymatic assays in the supernatant of short-term cultures of whole mononuclear cells and purified CD4+ T-lymphocytes, obtained from the peripheral blood (PB) of 35 HIV-1(+) asymptomatic individuals (stages I-II of the Walter Reed Classification), 20 HIV-1(+) symptomatic patients (WR V-VI), and 40 HIV-1(-) blood donors. TNF-alpha and TNF-beta production was similar in HIV-1(+) asymptomatic individuals, HIV-1(+) symptomatic patients, and HIV-1(-) controls. On the other hand, IL-3 and IL-4 production by either whole mononuclear cells or isolated CD4+ T-cells was decreased approximately 2-fold (p < 0.01) in HIV-1(+) asymptomatic subjects with respect to HIV-1(-) blood donors and was very low or almost absent in HIV-1(+) symptomatic individuals. The reduced IL-3 and IL-4 production in HIV-1-infected subjects correlated not only with the stage of the disease, but also with signs of active viral replication in PB cells, monitored by gag p24 antigen in plasma and viral isolation from PB mononuclear cells. This selective and progressive impairment in IL-3 and IL-4 production by CD4+ T-lymphocytes of HIV-1-infected subjects may contribute to explain the hematopoietic abnormalities and the derangement of the inflammatory/immune system characteristic of AIDS.
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PMID:Progressive and selective impairment of IL-3 and IL-4 production by peripheral blood CD4+ T-lymphocytes during the course of HIV-1 infection. 135 89

A cross-sectional and retrospective longitudinal study has been conducted in three Italian infectious disease centres to evaluate the role of anti-nef antibodies and other markers (HIV-1 p24 antigen, p24 Ag; Beta 2-microglobulin, B2-M; and number of CD4+ lymphocytes) as predictors of disease progression in HIV seropositive injecting drug users (IDUs). The selected patients were: 1) HIV-seropositive IDUs in different stages of HIV infection; 2) HIV-seropositive IDUs who had developed AIDS, from whom serial serum samples were available during the asymptomatic stage, and 3) HIV seropositive IDUs who remained asymptomatic through a follow-up period of the same duration as the patients who developed AIDS. Absence of anti-nef antibodies was associated with symptomatic HIV infection. A significant association between the absence of anti-nef antibodies, the presence of p24 Ag, high levels of B2-M, a number of CD4+ lymphocytes less than 500/ml at first visit and disease progression was found. Subjects who were persistently positive for antibody to nef were less likely to develop AIDS than those who were transiently or persistently negative. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.03). The results of this study show that absence or disappearance of anti-nef antibodies may be used as predictor of disease evolution in HIV seropositive IDUs. This study also confirms the usefulness of other markers, such as p24 Ag, B2-M and number of CD4+ lymphocytes previously shown to be predictive of rapid disease progression for predicting the course of HIV seropositive IDUs.
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PMID:Anti-nef antibodies and other predictors of disease progression in HIV-1 seropositive injecting drug users. 135 36

435 hemophiliacs are usually being attended in the La Paz hemophilia Center (Madrid, Spain). 257 (59%) of these patients have been infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) because of human plasma derivate substitution therapy. The infection has been more frequent among the severely affected patients and among the most treated patients. 82% of the infected patients are between 14 and 40 years old. By December 1991, 95 (37%) of 257 seropositive patients have developed full-blown AIDS. The most frequent opportunistic infection they had suffered was esophageal candidiasis. Looking for an evolution marker, we can point that the patients older than 35 years with CD4 levels below 200/mm3 had the worst prognosis. There was no difference in the evolution among the patients aged below 17 and those aged between 17 and 35 years. The amount of concentrate used between 1980 and 1984 did not hold any relation to the evolution. 49 patients (51%) of the 95 suffering from AIDS had died by December 1991. The evolution to the death was unrelated to the patient age, CD4 lymphocyte levels, and amount of substitution therapy. In our opinion, the most valuable marker could be the kind of opportunistic infection or tumor the patient suffers from. Finally, Retrovir has demonstrated to be useful in increasing the survival rate of the patients, but after 36 months of treatment, only 33% of those AIDS patients who began taking it remained alive. Retrovir was also used in asymptomatic patients, and during an average period of time of 15 months, a lesser bone marrow toxicity and a stabilization in CD4 lymphocyte levels could be observed, but this was unable to modify the disease progression in those patients who presented circulating p24 antigen.
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PMID:AIDS and hemophilia: experience in the La Paz Hemophilia Center. 136 77

To assess the correlations between clinical and biological stages of HIV infection and HIV isolation, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 389 HIV-infected patients were studied by 30-day cocultures with normal lymphocytes. HIV isolation was successful in 279/389 patients (71.7%). Positive isolation was more frequent in CDC IV cases (82%) than in CDC II and III cases (63.6% and 78.4% respectively). There was a close correlation between culture positivity and serum beta 2-microglobulin, CD4+ cell counts and serum p24 antigen. The day of peak detection of reverse transcriptase activity or peak p24 antigen in coculture supernatants was selected as a coculture kinetic parameter. The day of peak detection of HIV in culture occurred earlier in CDC IV cases than in CDC II and III cases, and was a prognostic factor in AIDS progression at 2 years. These data suggest that in vitro parameters related to both viral burden and replicative capacity of HIV isolates are relevant indicators of disease progression.
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PMID:Prognostic value of kinetic parameters of HIV isolation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 136 81

A semimicromethod was established for isolating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in plasma using 48-well plates and a pool of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from several donors as targets for infection, which increases the efficiency of isolation by reducing the effect of variability due to diverse donor cell susceptibility to HIV infection. The addition of H9 cells to the PBMC cultures did not affect measurable titers. Nevertheless, it potentiated strongly virus replication in terms of p24 production in the supernatant of the wells with HIV isolates, thus facilitating interpretation of the results. The titration of a virus strain of a known titre and reverse transcriptase activity in parallel provided a constant parameter of efficiency and reproducibility within each experiment, permitting comparison with results from other laboratories. The reproducibility of the method was highly significant (r = 0.97, P < 0.001); 68% of the 22 plasma samples from HIV-infected individuals tested by this method were positive. The presence of plasma HIV titer correlated well (P < 0.02) with the low count of CD4+ cells of less than 300/mm3, but not with the presence of the p24 antigen in the serum.
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PMID:Efficient and reproducible new semimicromethod for the detection and titration of HIV in human plasma. 136 19

The evaluation of the presence of p24 antigen on the membrane of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 31 HIV infected individuals is presented. The study was performed by indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometry and the data were analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Values obtained [D/s(n)] result from the comparison of the fluorescence histograms of each sample with a control one. Cases showing p24 Ag on peripheral blood mononuclear cells also presented percentages of CD3, HLA-DR positive cells significantly higher than p24 negative ones. In addition, D/s(n) values were superior in symptomatic patients than in asymptomatic ones, which indicate the existence of a correlation between flow cytometry results, viral replication and clinical course. Nevertheless in this study, as well and in previous ones, a high degree of cross reactivity between the anti-p24 monoclonal antibody employed and normal lymphocytes has been observed. This reactivity is localized preferentially in the CD4 positive subset.
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PMID:[Detection of the HIV p24 antigen on lymphocyte membranes using flow cytometry]. 136 72

Contact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected MOLT-4 lymphocytes with epithelial cells derived from small intestine (I407; Intestine 407) resulted in a rapid polar budding of viral particles into an enclosed space formed by interdigitating microvilli of the contacting cells. Electron microscopy showed that released HIV was taken up into the mucosal cell via three independent mechanisms: (1) phagocytosis, (2) coated pits, and (3) direct fusion. Morphological evidence suggests that internalized HIV may escape into the cytoplasm of the target cell by uncoating at the endosomal membrane. Based on CD4 antibody binding and CD4 antibody blocking experiments, HIV entry does not appear to be mediated by a viral CD4 receptor. Productivity of I407 infection was confirmed by virus isolation from cocultured MT-4 lymphocytic cells, reverse transcriptase assay, p24 antigen ELISA, in situ HIV mRNA hybridization, and Southern dot blot analysis. Contrary to infection with free virus, the cell-to-cell infection was not blocked by anti-gp120 or antiviral serum from HIV-positive individuals. It appears that HIV transmission within the confined space between contacting cells enables HIV to evade immune protection provided by neutralizing antibodies. Our results reveal a mechanism of HIV infection of epithelial cells which is triggered by cell-cell contact. Furthermore, these observations offer an insight into the cellular sequence of events which may take place during sexual transmission of HIV across an intact epithelial barrier.
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PMID:Mechanism of HIV spread from lymphocytes to epithelia. 137 Jan 28

Patients with AIDS who become infected with Cryptococcus neoformans have a poor prognosis. We speculated that the presence of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide may enhance HIV-1 infection. In an in-vitro study, the presence of cryptococcal polysaccharide significantly increased (p less than 0.05) production of p24 antigen after infection of H9 cells with HIV-1-infected H9 cells. We also found similar results when lymphocytes from an HIV-1-infected patient were co-cultured with mononuclear cells from an uninfected individual. Our findings suggest a new pathogenic role for the capsular polysaccharide--namely, the capacity to enhance HIV-1 infectivity.
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PMID:Enhancement of HIV-1 infection by the capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans. 137 Mar 35

2',3'-Dideoxyuridine (ddU) is ineffective at controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in human T cells, because it is not biotransformed to the active 5'-triphosphate. The metabolic block resides in the poor substrate affinity of ddU for cellular nucleoside kinases. This problem cannot be overcome by supplying the preformed nucleotides, because such compounds are unable to penetrate cells. To circumvent the requirement of ddU for enzymic phosphorylation, we have prepared bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) 2',3'-dideoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate (piv2 ddUMP), as a potential membrane-permeable prodrug of ddUMP, and investigated its metabolism and anti-HIV activity in two human T cell lines, one with wild-type thymidine kinase activity (MT-4) and the other deficient in thymidine kinase activity (CEM-tk-). The 5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphates of ddU were formed in both cell lines after exposure to piv2-ddUMP. In contrast, phosphorylated metabolites were not observed in cells treated with ddU or ddUMP alone. piv2-ddUMP also reduced the cytopathic effects of HIV-1 in MT-4 cells (ED50, 4.75 microM) and inhibited virus production in culture fluid (ED50, 20 microM). In addition, piv2-ddUMP protected CEM-tk- cells from HIV-1 infection, as demonstrated by inhibition of intracellular p24 antigen levels (ED50, 3 microM) and reverse transcriptase activity in culture medium (Ed50, 2.5 microM). Based on these findings, we propose that the "masked nucleotide" strategy may make available for development nucleoside analogues hitherto considered inactive because of failure to undergo biotransformation to the corresponding 5'-monophosphates. Moreover, by circumventing metabolic dependency on nucleoside kinases, the strategy may overcome acquired resistance to nucleoside analogues caused by the loss or depletion of nucleoside kinases.
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PMID:Membrane-permeable dideoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate analogue inhibits human immunodeficiency virus infection. 137 82

The majority of lymphomas in the setting of acquired, iatrogenic, or congenital immunodeficiencies are B-cell lymphoproliferations. We describe a rare T-cell lymphoma in a fulminantly ill patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The T-cell nature of the process was defined genotypically (monoclonal T-cell receptor beta-chain [CT beta] rearrangement) and phenotypically (CD45RO+, CD4+, CD5+, CD25+, CD8-, CD3- and negative for a variety of B-cell and monocyte markers). The CD4+, CD25+ (interleukin-2 receptor [IL-2R]) phenotype with production of IL-2 and IL-2R RNA is analogous to human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL); however, no HTLV-1 could be detected. Southern blot analysis did demonstrate monoclonally integrated HIV-1 within the tumor genome. Furthermore, the tumor cells were producing HIV p24 antigen as shown by immunohistochemistry. This is the first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in which HIV-1 infection may have played a central role in the lymphocyte transformation process.
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PMID:Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated T-cell lymphoma: evidence for human immunodeficiency virus type 1-associated T-cell transformation. 137 87


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