Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to determine if alcohol use is independently associated with needle-sharing behavior. Participants were 196 active injection drug users recruited into the Providence, Rhode Island Needle Exchange program between July 1997 and March 1998. All subjects were administered a 45-minute questionnaire that included questions on quantity/frequency of alcohol use and the alcohol abuse section of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID; Spitzer, Williams, Gibbon, & First, 1992). Drug risk behaviors, including needle sharing were assessed using the HIV Risk Assessment Battery (RAB; Navaline et al., 1994). Of 196 IDUs, 60% had used alcohol in the last month. Twenty-eight percent met criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 3rd ed., rev. (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) for alcohol abuse over the last 6 months. One half of IDUs had shared needles in the last 6 months. Increasing levels of alcohol ingestion were associated with greater RAB drug risk scores and greater needle sharing. Using multiple logistic regression, high-level "at-risk" alcohol use (odds ratio [OR], 2.5) and alcohol abuse (OR, 2.3) were significantly associated with needle sharing when controlling for other demographic and behavioral factors previously found to be associated with sharing. The results of this study showed that prevalence of alcohol abuse is high in this population and is associated with needle sharing. HIV prevention effects in needle exchange programs should address alcohol use.
J Subst Abuse Treat 2000 Jun
PMID:Alcohol use patterns predict high-risk HIV behaviors among active injection drug users. 1081 9

Greater improvement in posttreatment outcomes has been shown in programs that tailor frequency and type of services to unique client needs. Using a sample of 635 clients (199 females and 436 males) admitted to three community-based methadone treatment programs, this study examined gender differences in services needed and provided during the first 3 months of treatment. Results revealed that compared to males, women entered treatment with more psychological symptoms and AIDS/HIV-risky behaviors; they also presented with less criminal activity, less alcohol use, and higher motivation. Counselors addressed psychological and crisis issues more frequently with women, and counseling strategies were more often directed toward developing problem-solving and communication skills. Counselors also made more medical referrals and reported having better rapport with females. Attention to employment issues and HIV/AIDS sexual-risk behaviors did not differ by gender, even though women had more needs in these areas.
J Subst Abuse Treat 2000 Jul
PMID:Services provided during methadone treatment. A gender comparison. 1086 95

This study examined services received for HIV risk reduction among individuals in drug treatment. Analyses were conducted using data from 4,412 participants in the national Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS), a prospective multisite study of drug treatment effectiveness. A higher percentage of individuals in long-term residential programs received HIV-related services, compared with clients in short-term inpatient, methadone maintenance, and outpatient drug-free programs. More men than women, and individuals at higher sex-risk as compared with those at lower sex-risk, received HIV services. Logistic regression analyses indicated that individuals who engaged in sex work had a higher likelihood than those who did not, of receiving HIV-related services, although individuals with high-risk or multiple sexual partners were no more likely than others to receive HIV services. More comprehensive service delivery is needed in order to reduce the risk for HIV among clients in drug treatment.
J Subst Abuse Treat 2000 Oct
PMID:Delivery of HIV risk-reduction services in drug treatment programs. 1102 92

After statistical adjustment for stage of illness, a study of 768 women and 3779 men with HIV found that the women had a one-third higher risk of death than the men, yet no higher risk of progressing to AIDS. There were also gender differences in opportunistic infections and conditions. Death was the first AIDS defining event for 27.5% of the women and 12.2% of the men. The researchers suggested looking at differences in access to healthcare, socioeconomic status, homelessness, domestic violenae, subst!.ce Abuse and"n13k of social support as possible factors to explain the study findings. Another mystery unanswered in the study was that women had a considerably higher T-helper count at entry than men.
 ...
PMID:Women and AIDS--unexplained higher risk of death. 1136 85

AIDS has a major impact on a couple's relationship and can increase the risk of domestic violence. The HIV-positive victim may be accused of bringing the illness upon himself. This can cause feelings of guilt, which destroy self-esteem. The abuser may tell the victim that he is doing a great favor by not abandoning him. The abuser may also threaten to disclose his mate's HIV-positive status to parents and friends. The abuse may also be physical, especially if the victim is dependent upon his partner. The victim may fear leaving the relationship, not finding another partner, and dying alone. The HIV-negative victim may be abused due to resentment by his partner that he, too, is not ill. Abuse may be sexual, with the HIV-positive abuser refusing to use a condom and risking the spread of the virus. A control issue may arise as the HIV-positive partner loses control over his own health and abuses his partner to gain some form of control. The victim may wish to end the relationship but may feel that the abuser needs him. There must be equality and respect between partners. If not, it is better to be alone.
 ...
PMID:[Domestic violence and HIV]. 1136 71

Outcomes of a multimodal residential treatment program for adolescents were compared with usual care. The quasiexperimental design included pretest, 3-month posttest, and 6-month follow-up of program referrals (mean age 16; 53% male). The intervention group (IG) comprised referrals who entered the program (n=61) and the comparison group (CG) comprised referrals who did not enter the program (n=60). The six outcomes (substance use, criminal behavior, social functioning, psychological distress, physical health, and HIV risk-taking behavior) were assessed using the Opiate Treatment Index and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. The study groups demonstrated equivalent improvement on all six outcomes. Multiple factors are likely to have influenced these results, including inadequate program implementation and differential drop-out. There was, however, a higher prevalence of multiple improvements among the IG than the CG. It is concluded that adolescents with a PSUD can improve, however, a superior means of achieving this improvement has yet to be demonstrated.
J Subst Abuse Treat 2001 Apr
PMID:Outcomes of a comprehensive treatment program for adolescents with a substance-use disorder. 1151 89

An estimated 30% to 50% of cocaine-dependent individuals meet criteria for lifetime PTSD. This comorbidity has detrimental effects on clinical presentation, and treatment course and outcome. Cocaine dependence is associated with increased rates of exposure to trauma, more severe symptoms, higher rates of treatment attrition and retraumatization, and greater vulnerability to PTSD when compared to other substance use disorders. These associations underscore the need for effective treatments that address issues particular to PTSD in a manner tolerable to cocaine-dependent individuals. This article describes a manualized psychotherapy developed specifically for individuals with PTSD and cocaine dependence. Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Cocaine Dependence (CTPCD) provides coping skills training, cognitive restructuring techniques, and relapse prevention strategies to reduce cocaine use. In-vivo and imaginal exposure therapy techniques are incorporated to reduce PTSD symptom severity. Primary treatment goals include psychoeducation specific to the interrelationship between PTSD and cocaine dependence, and clinically meaningful reductions in cocaine use and PTSD symptomatology. Secondary goals include a reduction in HIV high-risk behaviors and improved functioning in associated areas, such as anger and negative affect management.
J Subst Abuse Treat 2001 Jul
PMID:Exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD among cocaine-dependent individuals: description of procedures. 1151 25

We examined substance use in relationship to transmission risk behavior (unprotected insertive, UIAI, or receptive anal intercourse, URAI) between HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) and their HIV-negative or unknown serostatus partners. Men who engaged in transmission risk behavior with casual partners were more likely than men who did not engage in such behavior to have used various substances. Users of certain drugs were specifically less likely to use condoms with HIV-negative or unknown status partners than users. Of men who drank alcohol, those who drank more frequently before or during sex engaged in significantly more UIAI with casual partners. Of men who used drugs, those who used more frequently before or during sex were more likely to engage in URAI with casual partners. In multivariate analyses, use of inhalants as well as drinking before or during sex predicted UIAI, while use of inhalants as well as noninjection drug use before or during sex predicted URAI. HIV prevention programs for HIV-positive MSM should focus on decreasing substance use and use specifically before or during sex. Developing prevention programs for substance-using MSM is critical to improve community health and decrease HIV transmissions.
J Subst Abuse 2001
PMID:Substance use and sexual transmission risk behavior of HIV-positive men who have sex with men. 1154 19

Accumulating findings suggest a relationship between partner violence and HIV risk among women, however, this issue has yet to be adequately researched among men. This study examines the relationship between perpetrating intimate partner violence and HIV risk behavior among a sample of men in methadone maintenance treatment programs (MMTPs). Data were collected on 273 sexually active men, who were recruited from four inner-city MMTP clinics. More than a third of the sample reported perpetrating intimate physical abuse and 15% reported severe physical abuse in the past 12 months. Results from multiple logistic regression analyses indicate that after adjusting for demographic, poverty, and drug-use factors, men who abused an intimate partner were almost 4 times more likely to have more than one intimate partner, almost 3 times more likely to have unprotected anal sex, and 2.6 times more likely to have sex with a drug-injecting sexual partner than their counterparts. This study showed that men who perpetrated partner violence were at higher risk for HIV transmission. HIV prevention interventions need to consider the complex relationship between partner violence and HIV risk.
J Subst Abuse 2001
PMID:HIV risks of men in methadone maintenance treatment programs who abuse their intimate partners: a forgotten issue. 1154 22

Types of drugs used and routes of administration were assessed, and correlations to social affiliation, HIV status, and lifestyle stability were explored among 672 street-recruited drug users in Baltimore. Participants reported 63 patterns of drug use, which were categorized into five groups: (1) only sniff heroin; (2) smoke crack and may snort cocaine; (3) sniff heroin and smoke crack; (4) inject heroin and cocaine; and (5) inject heroin and cocaine, smoke crack, and may snort heroin. Social network analysis revealed that heroin sniffers and crack smokers both tended to associate with those with similar drug use patterns. High symptoms of drug dependence were observed among heroin users irrespective of mode of administration. Injectors reported higher rates of hospitalization compared to noninjectors even after adjusting for HIV status. Implications to HIV prevention and drug use transitions are discussed.
J Subst Abuse 2001
PMID:Routes of drug administration, differential affiliation, and lifestyle stability among cocaine and opiate users: implications to HIV prevention. 1154 27


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>