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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Intravenous drug abusers (IVDAs) represent an increasing proportion of the HIV epidemic. Forty-three IVDA's (22 HIV-negative, 21 HIV-positive) were studied using the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS). All subjects had used intravenous heroin, but reported that they were drug-free at the time of testing. HIV-positive subjects were predominantly symptomatic and were dichotomized into AIDS and non-AIDS groups. All subjects with abnormal DRS scores were HIV-positive (57% of all HIV-positives). All HIV-negative subjects had normal DRS scores while 43% of the positive group obtained such scores. The DRS reliably identifies neuropsychological impairment, and may be a useful screening tool in this population.
J Subst Abuse Treat 1992
PMID:Use of the Dementia Rating Scale as a test for neuropsychological dysfunction in HIV-positive i.v. drug abusers. 151 2

A growing number of cases of HIV infection and AIDS in the U.S. have been reported among intravenous drug users and their sexual partners. This increase in cases has begun to have a significant impact on substance abuse treatment programs; in addition to the complexities of HIV education and counseling, the staff of such programs must deal with their own fears regarding HIV infection, since many experientially trained staff are, themselves, former IV drug users. Other staff members may experience irrational anxiety about working HIV-infected clients, due to the fear of workplace exposure to the virus. In order to assess the extent and nature of such anxieties among its staff, Spectrum House, Inc., a comprehensive substance abuse treatment program, administered a Staff AIDS Survey in 1986 and again in 1987. Responses reflected a marked decrease in staff anxieties relating to workplace transmission of HIV during the 14-month period between surveys, seemingly related to both the implementation of AIDS education and an increase in contact with HIV positive clients. Those staff members whose contact with HIV positive clients remained infrequent between surveys, however, continued to show higher levels of fear about casual contact and workplace exposure to HIV. These results indicate that increased staff-client interaction may be an effective addition to other forms of staff AIDS education in substance abuse treatment programs.
J Subst Abuse Treat 1991
PMID:Drug treatment staff attitudes toward AIDS and workplace transmission of HIV: a survey and follow-up--Spectrum House, Inc. 166 68

Every opportunity should be used to reduce the risk of HIV-1 infection and transmission among intravenous drug users (IVDUs). Methadone maintenance is widely accepted to keep the drug user away from risk-laden practices and to stop intravenous drug use. In order to minimize the diversion and intravenous abuse of methadone in maintenance programs, the effects of a combined naloxone/methadone preparation through oral intake and the effects of an intravenous administration were tested. In opiate addicts, the intravenous administration of this mixture caused a severe withdrawal syndrome lasting for 15 to 30 minutes. The oral administration of this combination was indistinguishable from methadone alone. It is argued that this combination therapy prevents the intravenous abuse of methadone in maintenance programs.
J Subst Abuse Treat 1991
PMID:Combined naloxone/methadone preparations for opiate substitution therapy. 196 Jul 67

Abuse of cocaine is becoming a major problem among heroin addicts in Spain. Between 1987 and 1988, 75% of patients admitted as inpatients for detoxification from opiate dependence had consumed cocaine during the 6 months prior to admission and 25% had abused cocaine daily or several times/week. These cocaine abusers showed more toxicologic and psychopathologic problems than opiate addicts who did not abuse cocaine. The opiate addicts who also abused cocaine had begun using illicit drugs earlier and showed a higher frequency of anti-HIV antibodies. They also had more antisocial personality disorders and persistence of depressive symptoms during opiate detoxification than heroin addicts who did not abuse cocaine. Based on these findings, we insist on the need to develop different treatments for detoxifying patients with this dual addiction.
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PMID:Cocaine abuse among heroin addicts in Spain. 202 57

As the AIDS epidemic in the United States moves steadily into the IV drug-abusing population, knowledge of factors related to immune suppression and disease progression gain in public health importance. Indicators of nutritional status, consisting of anthropometric and hematologic data as well as demographic data, were obtained from a random sample of 130 clients in a New York City methadone treatment center. Subjects for this study were selected according to the entry criteria established for inclusion in a large-scale study of the role of nutritional factors and cell-mediated immunity in a group at high risk of HIV seropositivity. Our results indicate a larger than U.S. population-average heterogeneity for Body Mass Index, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration, parameters which are conventionally thought to be proxies for general nutritional status. The findings indicate that while some methadone treatment clients are at low nutritional risk, others are probably at very high risk of adverse drug-nutrient and drug-body habitus interactions as well as being at high risk of acquiring infections commonly associated with HIV-related immunodeficiency.
J Subst Abuse Treat 1990
PMID:Indicators of nutritional status among clients from a New York City methadone treatment center. 217 65

Preventing illicit drug injection would be the ideal point for preventing HIV infection and AIDS among illicit drug injectors. This paper reports on clinical issues that arose in a program for intranasal ("sniffer") heroin users who were at high risk of injecting drugs. Extensive field notes were kept by the staff of the project. A generalized mistrust of authorities, denial of problems associated with non-injected drug use, and ambivalence about injecting were the major issues that arose during subject recruitment and the group sessions. The staff underwent trial and error learning, both becoming more confident in working with heroin sniffers, and finding better results for later participants in the study.
J Subst Abuse Treat 1990
PMID:Working with heroin sniffers: clinical issues in preventing drug injection. 231 66

The emotional and behavioral responses of methadone patients to HIV antibody testing were examined by comparing 8 seropositives with 8 matched seronegatives. Seropositives displayed a wide range of immediate emotional reactions to learning their results, but no severe or damaging reactions; seronegatives were uniformly relieved. Almost all patients informed other persons of their serostatus with unremarkable consequences. Seropositives had higher anxiety than seronegatives at the 3-month follow-up, but behavioral outcomes were similar, tending towards reduced AIDS risk. The sample's program retention rate one year later was 94%.
Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1990
PMID:Reactions of methadone patients to HIV antibody testing. 234

Male heterosexual i.v. drug abusers in methadone maintenance treatment were surveyed for HIV disease and followed prospectively in Richmond, Virginia. Five of 50 (10%) had both positive ELISA and Western Blot antibodies initially, although none had other clinical manifestations. Forty-two (84%) were restudied 1 year later. None had developed clinical manifestations of HIV disease, or seroconverted from negative to positive. Thirty-nine Control i.v. drug abusers seeking methadone or inpatient detoxification showed a similar low seropositivity rate (3%), indicating that Richmond had low endemicity for HIV during the year. An unexpected finding in the followup of the 5 with initial seropositivity was that only 1 retained both ELISA and Western Blot positivity. The difference in serological reaction was unexplained.
J Subst Abuse 1989
PMID:Prospective study of HIV infection among parenteral drug abusers. 248 91

The Defense Mechanism Inventory (DMI) and The Risk Behavior Inventory (RBI) were administered to substance abusers hospitalized on a drug detoxification service. The groups were categorized on the basis of self-reported IV versus non-IV substance abuse. Significant between-group differences were obtained on the DMI and RBI. The non-IV group responded less often than the IV group with the Turning Against Object (TAO) response option, resulting in higher scores when Turning Against Self (TAS), Reversal (REV), Principalization (PRN) and Projection (PRO) were summed into a single score. Significant within-group differences were obtained for DMI response levels and defenses. Both groups relied less on TAO at the thought level and more on PRN and REV as primary defenses. The IV group reported twice as many risk behaviors as the non-IV group and risked HIV exposure through needle use and sexual transmission modes. Consideration was given to the role of principalization and denial within the addicted individual's defense structure and the relationship of these defenses to HIV-related risk behavior.
J Subst Abuse Treat 1989
PMID:DMI-measured defenses and HIV-related risk behaviors in i.v. compared to non-i.v. substance abusers. 259 7

The purposes of this paper are to summarize issues regarding the administration of HIV-antibody testing and to present an interactional method of communicating information to patients regarding AIDS, transmission of HIV, and the meaning of HIV-antibody test results. HIV-antibody testing, when associated with pretest and posttest counseling, can be used to educate individuals at risk for HIV infection and AIDS and can serve as an intervention to prevent the spread of HIV. We have used the interactional method with over 250 outpatients who sought treatment for cocaine dependency. We found the method to be easily administered by medical and nonmedical staff and well accepted by patients.
J Subst Abuse Treat 1989
PMID:Counseling regarding human immunodeficiency virus-antibody testing: an interactional method of knowledge and risk assessment. 274 14


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