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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We evaluated risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity in the wives/female sexual partners of hemophiliacs. One of the 6 seropositive women has developed the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). At least three of the others seroconverted during 1985-86, after more than four years of regular sexual contact with a seropositive hemophiliac. HIV seropositivity was present in at least 5 (50%) of the 10 female partners of hemophiliacs with severe depletion of T-helper cells (less than 100/microliters), including 3 (43%) of the 7 female partners of hemophiliacs with AIDS. All 4 HIV seropositive women with available data had vaginal intercourse without a condom, but risk of seropositivity did not appear to be affected by the frequency of vaginal intercourse or by hysterectomy. Other sexually transmitted diseases, anal intercourse, or vaginal intercourse during menstrual periods were not necessary for HIV infection. These data suggest that heterosexual transmission of HIV can occur during routine vaginal intercourse but that it usually does not occur until the hemophiliac has severe immune deficiency late in the course of HIV infection.
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PMID:Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: association with severe depletion of T-helper lymphocytes in men with hemophilia. 350 25

The conferences, statements, guidelines and recommendations of PPFA and other family planning providers all reflect growing concern about heterosexual and perinatal transmission of human immune deficiency virus (HIV). Most agree that information about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the behavior that places women at risk of infection should be part of patient education in all clinics. Condom use should be encouraged, but, preferably, without the sacrifice of the higher level of protection from unplanned pregnancy offered by other birth control methods. Clinics in areas with high rates of HIV infection should consider initiating in-depth counseling and testing programs. Providers in low-incidence areas may decide to initiate testing at the request of their local governments or because of large numbers of requests from their clients. Confidentiality is a very important issue in testing, and providers must familiarize themselves with applicable state laws on disclosure and reporting and decide if they can comfortably operate within those laws. Also, the decision whether to offer HIV testing may hinge on the availability of public funds, and, though the situation may change in the near future, there is currently very little such money available.
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PMID:AIDS and family planning clinics: confronting the crisis. 362 40

Ninety-eight (40%) of 243 acquired immune deficiency syndrome inpatients at Mama Yemo Hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire, presented with a history of diarrhea for at least 1 month. To determine the predictive value of persistent diarrhea for human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection, 128 consecutive patients presenting at Mama Yemo Hospital with persistent diarrhea were tested for the presence of HIV antibodies. One-hundred seven (84%) of the 128 patients with diarrhea lasting at least 1 month were found to be HIV seropositive. HIV seropositive patients with persistent diarrhea more often had a generalized papular pruritic eruption (p = 0.02), a genital herpes simplex infection (p = 0.05), a history of herpes zoster (p = 0.08), and infection with cryptosporidia (p = 0.006) than HIV seronegative patients with persistent diarrhea. Bacterial enteric pathogens were found in 5 (7%) of the 76 seropositive and in none of the 14 seronegative patients in whom stool cultures were performed. Presently persistent diarrhea in adults in central Africa is strongly associated with HIV infection, but the pathophysiological mechanisms causing this diarrhea remain unclear.
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PMID:Persistent diarrhea, strongly associated with HIV infection in Kinshasa, Zaire. 363 Oct 32

In comparison to sexual contact the transmitted droplet infection or the mucosa contact are of minor relevance for HIV, the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency (AIDS). These channels of infections should nevertheless not be disregarded. Due to his activity, connected with a very close contact with exudations of a wound, blood, saliva and mucosae, the ENT-specialist increased hazard of infection by the HIV virus. Since 80% of the infected persons are able to discharge viruses free from symptoms for years, the ENT specialist should be informed about the pattern of distribution of this infectious disease as well as about suitable methods of prevention. Recommendations to practice and clinic for the prevention of transmitting HIV infections are given.
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PMID:[Prevention of HIV infections (AIDS) in ENT practice and the clinic]. 369 61

We measured serum 2,5-oligoadenylate synthetase (2,5-AS) levels and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels in human immune deficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-positive and HIV-1-negative hemophiliacs in order to clarify the clinical significance of these parameters in hemophiliacs. Serum 2,5-AS levels were measured by a radioimmunosorbent assay, and sIL-2R levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mean serum 2,5-AS levels were higher in AIDS-related-complex and AIDS patients, asymptomatic carriers, and HIV-1-negative hemophiliacs than in hepatitis C virus-positive patients and healthy controls. Serial determinations showed that the 2,5-AS levels tended to increase in HIV-1-positive patients, especially those with AIDS-related complex or AIDS, although it showed a substantial decrease in the terminal stage. The serum sIL-2R levels were higher in HIV-1-positive patients, HIV-1-negative patients, and hepatitis C virus-positive patients than in controls. Serial studies showed little change in the HIV-1-positive and HIV-1-negative groups, although sIL-2R levels showed a tendency to decrease with zidovudine treatment. On the basis of the present results, we may well conclude that 2,5-AS and sIL-2R are not specific markers for hemophiliacs with HIV-1 infection. However, serial measurement of these markers can still be useful for assessing the progression of AIDS and the prognosis for patients with AIDS, as well as for monitoring the response to zidovudine.
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PMID:Clinical significance of serum 2,5-oligoadenylate synthetase and soluble interleukin-2 receptor in hemophiliacs positive and negative for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. 749 37

This study was performed in 77 HIV1 seropositive adult patients to characterise the IgA hyperglobulinaemia seen in the serum during the course of HIV infection. It was shown that both IgA1 and IgA2 subclass concentrations were simultaneously increased but the IgA1 increase was predominant. Secretory IgA (SIgA) concentration was significantly increased and IgA activity to gliadin, bovine serum albumin, and casein could be detected and was correlated with SIgA concentration. In contrast, IgA activity to cytomegalovirus and to tetanus toxoid did not correlate with total IgA concentration. These data suggest the presence of IgA from gut mucosal origin in the serum of these patients. Hyper IgA was inversely correlated with the CD4+ cell number. The increase of all parameters studied varied according to the total IgA concentration in the serum but was also directly related to the stage of immune deficiency in patients with hyper IgA.
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PMID:Is there IgA of gut mucosal origin in the serum of HIV1 infected patients? 751 78

Data suggest that 10-20% of African HIV-infected persons have Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS). African epidemic, AIDS-related KS (EKS) is widespread in the southern African region, with patients often needing treatment because of the disfiguring and stigmatic nature of the disease. Cytotoxic chemotherapy has shown antitumor activity, but it may further compromise the underlying immune deficiency. EKS is, however, very radiosensitive and radiation therapy is considered to be the treatment of choice for palliation, despite the absence of large studies concerning the role of radiation therapy in the southern African variant of EKS reported to date. The authors report findings from a 1982-92 study of radiation therapy among 25 patients with EKS at the Johannesburg General Hospital. Radiation fields were individually tailored to the extent of the disease. Total administered doses ranged 8-12 Gy (single fraction) to 24-30 Gy fractionated over 2-3 weeks to yield 72% and 80% overall response and symptomatic relief rates, respectively. Toxicity was mild and manageable. This retrospective analysis therefore supports the use of radiation therapy for the southern African type of EKS.
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PMID:Radiation therapy in epidemic, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma in southern Africa. 751 2

Infections due to Candida spp. are increasing in incidence as the number of immune compromised patients increases. The common presentation of Candida mucositis and oral infections includes atrophic candidiasis, angular cheilitis, leukoplakia and oesophagitis. An increasing spectrum of antifungal agents, including imidazoles, are available for treatment and suppression of this common infection. In chronically immune-compromised patients such as those with severe HIV related immune deficiency, eradication of the infection may not be possible. This requires a stepwise approach to management and may require the use of potent, toxic agents such as amphotericin B to suppress the symptoms and signs of infection sufficiently to provide the patient with symptomatic relief. Resistant organisms are also becoming a greater problem in this patient population.
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PMID:Treatment of oral Candida mucositis infections. 752 Aug 55

The cellular immunologic and virologic status of a chimpanzee, naturally infected with a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-like lentivirus (SIVcpz-ant), was compared longitudinally with those of 3 HIV-1-infected and 5 uninfected chimpanzees for a period of 49 months. Evidence of immune deficiency was not observed in the HIV-1-infected chimpanzees, nor could virus be isolated from plasma. Virus could be isolated from plasma of the SIVcpz-ant-infected chimpanzee, but clinical signs of immune deficiency were never observed. Absolute CD4+ cell counts remained relatively stable, but NK cells fluctuated significantly over time and tended to correlate inversely with the virus titer in peripheral blood. Although only CD8+ T cells were directly demonstrated to exert a suppressive effect on viral replication in vitro, the observed fluctuation of NK cells suggests that these cells may also be involved in the interaction with lentivirus infection in this species.
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PMID:Phenotypic and functional parameters of cellular immunity in a chimpanzee with a naturally acquired simian immunodeficiency virus infection. 756 Dec 16

The cross-sectional relationship between severe loss of periodontal attachment (LPA) and worsening immune status due to HIV infection was evaluated in 474 HIV-infected subjects (416 men, 58 women) aged 18 to 49 years who had been classified at stages 1 through 6 of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WR) Staging Classification System. LPA was measured at four sites per tooth using a manual probe; severe LPA was defined as > or = 1 site/subject exhibiting > or = 5 mm LPA. Severe LPA was found in 94 (20%) of the subjects. Modeling with multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that WR stage and peripheral CD4+ lymphocyte cell counts were not significant independent predictors of severe LPA. Severe LPA was more common in subjects at WR stage 5 or 6 who exhibited oral candidiasis (OC), a marker of immune system damage, than in persons at those WR stages without OC (odds ratio = 7.85; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.94-31.81). After the analysis controlled for WR stage, younger subjects receiving AZT had greater odds of severe LPA than same-age subjects not taking the drug (e.g., odds ratio for subjects aged 30 years = 2.59; 95% CI = 1.22, 5.49). Other significant predictors in the model included male sex; retired military status; cigarette smoking; and presence of cratered, ulcerated, or necrotic interdental papillae. HIV-associated immune deficiency may be associated with localized severe LPA, but this may be an indirect association due to medication use, opportunistic infection, or other factors not captured by the WR staging system or peripheral CD4+ cell counts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Loss of periodontal attachment in HIV-seropositive military personnel. 756 30


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