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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Enumeration of circulating T lymphocytes is crucial in the investigation of AIDS and related conditions. The single best measure of disease progression and prognosis is the absolute number of helper/inducer T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Although the phenotypic identification of a particular subset reflects no direct information on the function of the population, the information provided by the analysis furnishes new insight regarding racial differences in the immune deficiency associated with AIDS. The severity of the HIV illness in the African American population, as reflected by a decrease in the absolute number of circulating CD4+ lymphocytes, was marked compared to the Caucasian population with AIDS. Consequently, the CD4/CD8 ratio was lower in the African American HIV+ population. A higher level of activated mononuclear lymphocytes and NK cells in this population may indicate active disease. The incidence of life-threatening opportunistic infections such as PCP was greater in the adult/adolescent African Americans compared to Caucasians. In contrast, PGL was found more frequently in the Caucasian participants. Although the rate of HIV infection in the adult/adolescent African American population was not different from population estimates for the area under study, the incidence in the pediatric African American population was twice the population estimates for the race. This increased rate occurred in the parent-at-risk as well as in the hemophiliac group.
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PMID:Contrasting quantitative alterations in CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in HIV-infected African Americans compared with the Caucasian population. 257 89

To determine if the HIV-epidemic had reached Djibouti by autumn 1987, we investigated 645 subjects belonging to various risk groups; 150 were patients with a disease compatible with acquired immune deficiency or with a mycobacterial infection, 115 were young males having a sexually transmitted disease, 295 were female prostitutes, and 69 were villagers from a rural area; the remaining 16 belonged to other groups. All subjects answered an epidemiological questionnaire and had their serum tested for evidence of HIV antibodies. Eight sera were HIV-antibody positive by both ELISA and Western blot. Of these, 2 were from young men while 6 were from young women who admitted to prostitution. This accounts for an HIV seropositivity rate of 2.0% +/- 1.6% in the prostitute population. Also, one antibody-positive subject was positive for circulating HIV antigen. Seven of the seropositive individuals had no general complaints or abnormal clinical signs. The eighth subject was a 28 year old man in hospital for pneumonia. We conclude that in Djibouti, in late 1987, the prevalence of both AIDS and HIV infection in high risk individuals was much lower than that reported from other East African countries.
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PMID:Low prevalence of HIV infection in Djibouti--has the AIDS epidemic come to a stop at the Horn of Africa? 260 82

An HIV positive patient with extensive destructions in the midline area of maxilla and mandible is presented. The diagnosis had to differentiate between rapidly progressing periodontitis, lethal midline granuloma, specific inflammation, and tumors. Course of the disease and histological workup led to the diagnosis of rapidly progressing periodontitis. The relationship between midline granuloma and immune deficiency should be noted.
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PMID:[Acute necrotizing bone destruction of the maxillary and mandibular midline area in HIV infection cases]. 263 70

Zoster is the clinical manifestation of the endogenous reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus. Current observations of viral reactivation emphasize the role of cellular immunity and show an inverse correlation between the specific cellular immune response of the host and the incidence of zoster. Thus, immunocompromised persons like patients with immune deficiency syndrome, lymphoproliferative cancer, or immunosuppressive therapy are at a high risk for the development of disseminated zoster, which may either involve the skin only, or affect more than one organ. During the last few years zoster has been proved a prognostic marker for HIV-positive persons. The incidence of zoster and post-zoster neuralgia increases with advancing age. In young children, immunosuppressive therapy and varicella in utero or during the first year of life are the only risk factors for zoster infection. Prevention of dissemination has been one of the major goals in antiviral chemotherapy of zoster in immunocompromised patients. Among the antiviral drugs available at present, aciclovir has proved especially useful, acting as an inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase. It is well-tolerated and can be applied together with corticoids, analgetics, and retrovir. It is most effective in reducing complications of zoster.
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PMID:[New knowledge regarding herpes zoster]. 266 Apr 44

Since the detection of antibodies against the human immune deficiency virus (HIV) does not definitely prove HIV infection in hemophiliacs, virus detection was attempted by virus isolation from the peripheral blood monocytes (PBL), by demonstration of p24 antigen and decline of p24 antibody, and by detection of viral DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Virus isolation was optimized by immediate coculture of PBL and by replacement of the reverse transcriptase test by the p24 antigen test, whereas the elimination of CD8+ lymphocytes proved to be unnecessary. Virus detection was dependent on the clinical stage of the illness. Virus isolation in 70 of 211 patients (33%) was more sensitive than detection of p24 antigen or decline of p24 antibody. PCR was performed in 25 patients and indicated infection in all of 15 isolation-positive cases and in 6 of 10 patients from whom virus was not isolated. Changes from negative to positive virus culture and from a weakly fusiogenic to a highly fusiogenic isolate were often accompanied by a progression of the disease. The results suggest that reactivation of HIV occurs when immune deficiency has become manifest. Apparently virus isolation detects only the virus already reactivated in vivo, whereas the PCR may also detect latent virus.
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PMID:Comparison of different methods for detecting human immune deficiency virus in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive hemophiliacs. 268 96

Major causes of anaemia in pregnancy in tropical Africa are malaria, iron deficiency, folate deficiency and haemoglobinopathies: now there is added also the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Anaemia is often multifactorial, with the different causes interacting in a vicious cycle of depressed immunity, infection and malnutrition. Anaemia progresses through 3 stages: compensation, with breathlessness on exertion only; decompensation, with breathlessness at rest and haemoglobin (Hb) below about 70 g/litre; cardiac failure, with Hb below about 40 g/litre. Without treatment, over half of the women with haematocrit less than 0.13 and heart failure die. Maternal anaemia, malaria and deficiencies of iron and folate cause intrauterine growth retardation, premature delivery and, when severe, perinatal mortality. Surviving infants have low birthweights, immune deficiency and poor reserves of iron and folate. They have entered already the vicious cycle of infection, malnutrition and impaired immunity. Treatment with blood transfusions is even more hazardous since the advent of AIDS, and should be limited to saving the life of the mother. Treatment of malaria is complex as chloroquine-resistant strains are now common. Prevention remains relatively easy with proguanil and supplements of iron and folic acid and is highly cost-effective in the improvement of maternal and infant health; it is more important than ever as it avoids the unnecessary exposure of women and infants to HIV transmitted through blood transfusion.
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PMID:Tropical obstetrics and gynaecology. 1. Anaemia in pregnancy in tropical Africa. 269 76

Forty HIV-1-sero-positive and 15 HIV-1 antibody negative homosexual or bisexual men were examined by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 20 neuropsychological tests. Subcortical, mainly frontal cerebral pathological aberrations were detected in 75 per cent of the patients on examination with ultra low field MRI computer assisted classification. No such changes were found among controls. The extent of the subcortical aberrations detected correlated with severity of immune deficiency, stage of infection (CDC classification), duration of infection, and reported neuropsychological symptoms. Neuropsychological testing showed impairment in memory function, concentration capacity, and fine motor control in the patients but not in the controls.
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PMID:[A magnetic tomography study: 3 out of 4 HIV-I infected men suffer subcortical pathologic changes]. 273 28

We continue to advance our knowledge regarding susceptible hosts. As people live longer, society is faced with a new problem of dealing with ever-increasing numbers of elderly with inadequate immune defense. HIV infections, cancer drugs, and steroids continue to add more persons to this pool. As we prepare to move into the twenty-first century, historical perspectives on our past triumphs and failures allow us to feel confident to meet the challenges ahead in preventing life-threatening illnesses in persons with immune deficiency.
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PMID:Changes and challenges for the practitioner. 274 46

One hundred forty human sera distributed in 2 groups were analyzed. In group I, 50 serum samples from healthy individuals that did not belong to the high-risk acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) population were included. In group II, there were 90 individuals, most of whom were apparently healthy but were at high risk of getting AIDS through their life styles or by transfusion. Of the 90 persons, 5 had a clinical picture of AIDS. All sera were analyzed by the enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the anti VIH antibodies. The positive cases were confirmed by the Western blot assay. In all samples the presence of the human immune deficiency virus antigens was sought. The results showed that the 50 healthy individuals (control group) were negative for both HIV antigens and antibodies. Of the 90 sera for the high-risk group, 50 were negative for antibodies, and 2 of them (4%) were positive for HIV antigens. Forty sera were positive for anti HIV antibody and among them, 5 patients were diagnosed as AIDS, and showed positive for antigen and antibody. The other 35 patients were all positive for HIV antibody and in 8 of them HIV antigen was also present.
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PMID:[Antigens of the human immunodeficiency virus in serum of high risk people in the city of Monterrey]. 278 Nov 75

We report our experience with vertically transmitted HIV infection in infants. Fifty-five children were prospectively followed for a period of 3 years. The neonatal diagnosis of HIV infection is not always possible and doubts about contamination may create familial anxiety which requires support by a multidisciplinary structure. Long-term prognosis is difficult to predict and it depends on the severity of the immune deficiency, the early onset of neurologic disease and the frequency of opportunistic infections.
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PMID:[Care and outcome of 55 children born to HIV seropositive mothers]. 278


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