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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Limited data are available on cognitive performance in populations of intravenous drug users during the early, asymptomatic stages of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Between 1988 and 1990, 151 participants from the AIDS Link to Intravenous Experience (ALIVE) Study in Baltimore, Maryland, were evaluated neuropsychologically on a semiannual basis. This analysis focused on whether history of substance abuse influenced neuropsychological test performance. At baseline, 102 participants were HIV-1-seropositives who were free of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and 49 participants were seronegative. Multivariate analyses, adjusting for correlation of repeated outcome measures, were conducted to determine predictors of neuropsychological functioning. Effects of the frequency of reported past use of marijuana, heroin, cocaine, barbiturates, and alcohol were not statistically associated with performance on the tests. Age and education were the most important predictors of test performance, and a significant practice effect was observed for most measures. After adjustment for age, education, the practice effect, and frequency of drug use, neuropsychological performance over time did not vary by HIV-1 serostatus. Overall, after acutely intoxicated individuals were excluded, neither frequency of drug and alcohol use nor HIV-1 seropositivity significantly influenced neuropsychological test performance over a 1-year period.
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PMID:Effect of chronic substance abuse on the neuropsychological performance of intravenous drug users with a high prevalence of HIV-1 seropositivity. 136 30

Homelessness among youth is universal, but is particularly great in developing countries. Children advocates have categorized youth with no fixed address in the US as runaways, throwaways, homeless youth, system youth, and street youth. About 50% of such youth are system youth who have lived in institutions or foster homes. Around 21% are children whose parents forced them out of the home. 60% have been sexually abused at home. Homeless youth are at higher risk of HIV than those who have a home. This risk comes primarily from unprotected, often homosexual, intercourse and iv drug use. Some subgroups of street youth in Brazil have an HIV prevalence rate of 35%. Street youth take on these risky behaviors to just survive. PAHO, WHO, and UNICEF have placed HIV prevention among teenagers as a top priority. VArious countries have hosted national and international conferences on this topic. In June 1990, the 1st International Conference on AIDS and Homeless Youth took place in San Francisco to gather international community specialists from 32 countries to respond to the AIDS crisis. Many recommendations came from this conference. 1st, all nations and international bodies must recognize and enforce the rights of children. Street youth must have access to comprehensive health care (mental health care, treatment for substance abuse, bereavement services, and HIV testing and counseling). Health workers must be prepared to provide street-based services. HIV prevention messages based in reality must reach these children. Research needs include epidemiologic data, cross-national and cross-cultural trends, ethnographic descriptions, and high risk behaviors. The next international conference is planned for September 1992 in Brazil and will include street youths as delegates.
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PMID:Street youth and the AIDS pandemic. 138 65

During 1987-1988, a seroprevalence study of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and the human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus (HTLV-I/II) was performed among Detroit intravenous drug users unaffiliated with substance abuse programs. Seroprevalence data along with patient demographic information were compared to a similar study performed in 1985-1986. In the earlier study, 12 (12.5%) of 96 individuals tested positive for HIV-1. Of the 74 available negative samples retested in 1987-1988 for retroviruses, 7 (9.5%) tested positive for HTLV-I/II. Thus, the overall retroviral (HIV-1, HTLV-I/II) seropositive rate for 1985-1986 was 22%. In 1987-1988, 11 (15.7%) of 70 individuals tested positive for HIV-1 and 7 (10%) tested positive for HTLV-I/II. Concomitant infection with both viruses was found in 2 (2.9%) of the 70 individuals. Thus, retrovirus seroprevalence in 1987-1988 was 22.9%. In 1987-1988, significant differences between the retroviral-positive group and the retroviral-negative group consisted of intravenous drug use greater than 16 years (P = 0.059) for an odds ratio of 3.80 (CI 1.12-12.89) and sex with female prostitutes (P = 0.029) for an odds ratio of 5.38 (CI 1.38-20.95).
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PMID:The emerging role of HTLV-I/II and HIV-1 among intravenous drug users in Detroit. 142 66

Since crack cocaine appeared in urban areas in the United States in the mid-1980s, reports have suggested that crack smokers may be at increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including infection with HIV, because they have multiple sex partners, trade sex for money or drugs, and rarely use condoms. A cross-sectional survey is being conducted in urban neighborhoods in Miami, New York and San Francisco--where crack use is common--to explore these issues. Indigenous street outreach workers are recruiting men and women who are either current regular crack smokers or who have never smoked crack; each group is further stratified according to whether participants had ever injected drugs. Participants were interviewed about their sexual and drug-use practices. Overall, crack smokers, whether injectors or not, engaged in higher-risk sexual behaviors than nonsmokers, reported greater numbers of sex partners than nonsmokers, and were more likely than nonsmokers to have exchanged sex for money or drugs or to have had an STD. Differences between crack smokers and nonsmokers were generally greater among non-injectors than among injectors, and generally greater among women than among men. Condom use, although somewhat more common with paying than nonpaying partners, was infrequent overall. Most of the subjects had not been in substance abuse treatment in the preceding 12 months, and a majority had never been in substance abuse treatment. Education and prevention programs specifically targeted at crack smokers not currently in substance abuse treatment are needed to reach these high-risk persons.
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PMID:High-risk sex behavior among young street-recruited crack cocaine smokers in three American cities: an interim report. The Multicenter Crack Cocaine and HIV Infection Study Team. 149 Dec 85

Analyses of the 1988 National Survey of Adolescent Males indicate the prevalence of risk behaviors related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, including sexual, contraceptive, and drug use behaviors, among 15- to 19-year-old men. About three-fifths had sexual intercourse, indicating that a majority of teenage men have at least some potential exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or sexually transmitted disease. From a behavioral perspective, the average sexually active teenage man used a condom more than half the time in the 12 months before the interview. Those with most experience with sexual intercourse, however, used condoms least frequently. More important from an epidemiologic perspective, a third of all acts of intercourse in the prior year were protected using condoms. Further, behaviors with the greatest direct risks for HIV infection, such as homosexual intercourse, use of intravenous drugs, and sex with intravenous drug users or prostitutes, appear to be relatively uncommon. Teenage men who demonstrate high-risk behavior, including both sexual and substance abuse, compound their risks, because risks generally are correlated. Condom use is a preventive behavior that is negatively correlated with most risk behaviors; those who have multiple partners, or who are substance abusers, tend to use condoms least. The convergence of risks for multi-problem teenage men indicates the relevance of interventions directed to high-risk youths.
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PMID:Patterns of HIV risk and preventive behaviors among teenage men. 156 Dec 92

The incidence of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in young adults and the typical incubation period for AIDS suggest that exposure to this disease often occurs in adolescence, a period of life during which risk taking behavior is particularly common. The population of adolescents with mental or behavioral problems and substance abuse problems at the South Dakota Human Services Center were studied by questionnaire and by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening to assess the current prevalence of seropositivity and the potential for HIV transmission in these troubled youths. Sexual behavior, number of partners, prior incarceration, history of sexual abuse, drug and alcohol use, and knowledge about HIV transmission were examined. While no cases of HIV seropositivity were discovered, the authors are disturbed by the prevalence of known and suspected correlate behaviors and historical traits for HIV infection in this population. Implications for intervention and education are discussed.
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PMID:HIV associated risk factors: a survey of a troubled adolescent population. 157 69

1. Women acquire HIV infection along one of three routes: parenteral, sexual, or vertical (perinatal). The HIV/AIDS epidemic among women in the US is growing primarily through parenteral and heterosexual exposures, which are tightly linked to social issues of substance abuse. 2. The majority of AIDS clinical trial participants have been white men. Differences in male and female physiology, hormonal influences on drug pharmacokinetics, and the social context of disease may render protocols ineffective or even harmful for women. 3. To respond effectively to the AIDS epidemic among women in the US, major public health issues, such as access to care, availability of family planning and drug treatment services, and racial discrimination, must be addressed.
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PMID:Women and the AIDS epidemic: no longer hidden. 163 3

Neurobehavioral functioning was tested in 34 asymptomatic HIV-seropositive and 43 HIV-seronegative male homosexual subjects without substance abuse and CNS disorders. The HIV-positive subjects exhibited mild motor slowing compared to the seronegative subjects. These differences remained after controlling for potential cofactors. Early neurobehavioral impairment in HIV infection seems limited to subclinical motor deficits and attributable to HIV rather than possible confounding factors.
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PMID:Neurobehavioral functioning in a nonconfounded group of asymptomatic HIV-seropositive homosexual men. 163 10

A growing number of cases of HIV infection and AIDS in the U.S. have been reported among intravenous drug users and their sexual partners. This increase in cases has begun to have a significant impact on substance abuse treatment programs; in addition to the complexities of HIV education and counseling, the staff of such programs must deal with their own fears regarding HIV infection, since many experientially trained staff are, themselves, former IV drug users. Other staff members may experience irrational anxiety about working HIV-infected clients, due to the fear of workplace exposure to the virus. In order to assess the extent and nature of such anxieties among its staff, Spectrum House, Inc., a comprehensive substance abuse treatment program, administered a Staff AIDS Survey in 1986 and again in 1987. Responses reflected a marked decrease in staff anxieties relating to workplace transmission of HIV during the 14-month period between surveys, seemingly related to both the implementation of AIDS education and an increase in contact with HIV positive clients. Those staff members whose contact with HIV positive clients remained infrequent between surveys, however, continued to show higher levels of fear about casual contact and workplace exposure to HIV. These results indicate that increased staff-client interaction may be an effective addition to other forms of staff AIDS education in substance abuse treatment programs.
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PMID:Drug treatment staff attitudes toward AIDS and workplace transmission of HIV: a survey and follow-up--Spectrum House, Inc. 166 68

Epidemic increases in active syphilis have been reported in the geographic areas hit hard by acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Although both epidemics have been associated with illicit substance abuse, the extent to which recent increases in syphilis are linked to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) epidemic is uncertain. In order to define the frequency of syphilis and HIV-1 coinfection in the pregnant patients seen at City Hospital Center at Elmhurst, we saved syphilis-positive serologic specimens from obstetrical patients for anonymous HIV-1 antibody testing. Of 120 women who tested positive for syphilis, 7/120 (5.8%) had antibodies to HIV-1; of the 44 women with VDRL titers greater than or equal to 1:16 (suggestive of a recent infection), 1/44 (2.3%) had antibodies to HIV-1.
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PMID:HIV-1 seroprevalence in pregnant women testing positive on serologic screening for syphilis. 173 41


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