UMLS:C0019693 - FACTA Search

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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study was performed to determine the feasibility of using saliva as a diagnostic medium for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 under nonlaboratory conditions and to evaluate the performance characteristics of such a test. We developed for this purpose a self-contained kit (Saliva. Strip [ST]), which combines the collection and processing, as well as the analysis, of the specimen. The kit's performance was evaluated in a blinded study. Saliva collection was facilitated with a specially designed device that contains a sample adequacy indicator, and immunochromatography test strips were used for the analysis. A total of 1,336 matched serum and saliva specimens (684 reactive and 652 nonreactive specimens) were tested. We tested sera using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a rapid strip test. Sera reactive in one of the assays were also analyzed by Western blotting. Sensitivity and specificity were 99.4 and 99.4%, respectively, for ST, 100 and 99.1%, respectively, for EIA, and 99.7 and 100%, respectively, for the serum strip test. The saliva test performed well when HIV-2-positive sera or a low-titer performance panel (HIV-1) of serum or plasma specimens were diluted (1:2,000) in nonreactive saliva. Because the methodology we present here uses a noninvasively obtained medium, the methodology may be suitable for use in the field where laboratory support and personnel are limited, such as community outreach programs, doctors' offices, surveillance studies, and community hospitals.
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PMID:A simple saliva-based test for detecting antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. 1039 66

DUO is an automated HIV infection screening test kit based on the combined detection of p24 Ag and anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-2 IgG in human sera or plasma using the ELFA technique (Enzyme-Linked Fluorescent Assay). The performance of DUO was compared with that of HIV-1/HIV-2 3rd generation EIA plus and particle agglutination (PA) test. A total of 141 seropositive sera, 3 seroconversion panels, 300 seronegative sera and 387 potentially cross-reactive serum samples were tested. One hundred and forty one seropositive sera in Japan and Cameroon were all positive with DUO. Three seroconversion panels (panel Q, Z, AE) were tested to evaluate sensitivity. In Panel Q, infecution was detected seven days earlier with DUO than with the 3rd generation EIA plus and PA. In Panel AE, infection was detected four days earlier with DUO than with the single antibody assays. Three hundred seronegative sera from Kanagawa prefectural public health centers were all negative with DUO as well as PA test. Three hundred and eighty seven potentially cross-reacting samples were tested to challenge the specificity of the assay. These included samples from pregnant women and hepatitis patients. In four of the 204 samples from pregnant women, false-positive results were observed with DUO. In three of the 183 samples from hepatitis patients, false-positive results were also obtained with DUO. All samples of 7 DUO positive results were negative with western blot test. Five of them were negative with RT-PCR and 2 of them were not tested because there were not enough samples. Thirty cross-reacting (false-positive) samples by PA test from blood donors were tested by DUO, and all of these were negative by DUO.
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PMID:[Evaluation of a new screening assay kit for the combined detection of HIV p24 antigen and antibody--comparison of the performance of the new kit and HIV antibody assay kits]. 1048 4

Toxoplasma gondii has been recognized as an important cause of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised persons. The diagnosis of T. gondii infection is most often based on serological tests results. Serological diagnosis can be limited in AIDS patients because of depressed antibody responses. Fifty serum samples were used in this study to investigate serological evidence of toxoplasmosis in HIV positive Thai patients by Platelia kit, the commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in which the membrane protein p-30 is the predominant antigen and immunoblot technique (IB). Sera of HIV positive Thai patients with Toxoplasma infection recognized the same antigenic component, the 32 kDa antigenic band, as is recognized by Toxoplasma positive sera from immunocompetent patients and it may represent a specific marker for diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection in HIV positive Thai patients.
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PMID:Immunoblotting and enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of toxoplasma infection in HIV Thai patients. 1077 74

An evaluation of three new rapid diagnostic test kits for human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1/2), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and syphilis involved a two-phase comparison of rapid diagnostic assays using prospectively collected from hospitals and clinics in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. After specificity and sensitivity testing, three new rapid diagnostic test kits were tested in parallel with six commonly used diagnostic test kits. The Determine HIV-1/2 test had fewer indeterminate or equivocal results than the Capillus HIV-1/HIV-2 or HIV Blot 2.2 tests. However, the Determine HIV-1/2 test yielded one false-positive result when compared with the Serodia HIV, HIV Blot 2.2, and microparticle enzyme immunoassay (IMx) HIV tests. The Serodia HBsAg test yielded more false-negative results when compared with the Determine HBsAg diagnostic test kit. The results of the syphilis diagnostic tests evaluated in this clinical trial consistently agreed with those of the rapid plasma reagin test for syphilis. The Determine Syphilis Treponema pallidum (TP) test had three false-positive results compared with the Serodia TP and the Serodia TP x particle agglutination (PA) tests, which had two false-positive results that were confirmed as negative by an ELISA. Application of these serologic tests within this comparative evaluation framework, using the World Health Organization alternative testing strategies, proved to be an effective way to determine serostatus related to HIV, hepatitis B, and syphilis.
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PMID:Evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, hepatitis B surface antigen, and syphilis in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 1081 89

Apart from a small number of reports from people who are based in hospitals, data on viral load in HIV-infected people in sub-Saharan Africa, where most infections occur, are lacking. We report serum HIV-1 RNA levels in a population-based cohort in rural Uganda using the nucleic acid sequence-based amplification procedure (NASBA) test kit and describe their relation to CD4 counts and World Health Organization (WHO) clinical staging. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) viral loads were 87,000 copies/ml (37,500-295,000 copies/ml) in 40 prevalent cases infected for >6 years, and 31,000 copies/ml (7800-174,000 copies/ml) in 65 incident cases with seroconversion dates within the previous 6 years. Although we found a correlation between viral load and absolute CD4 count (p < .0001), there was no evidence for an association with CD4 decline (p = .1). Overall, there was a significant trend of increasing viral load with worsening clinical stage from a median viral load of 15,000 for those in WHO stage 1 (asymptomatic) to 150,600 copies/ml for those in stage 4 (AIDS; p < .001). However, the association was seen only in incident cases. Thus, we found that the NASBA test on serum was a useful indicator of disease stage especially in persons known to be infected for <6 years. Such baseline data are important for vaccine research, and if antiretroviral drugs become available to more than a few people in Africa, it will be important that accurate viral load estimations are available at least in a proportion of people to monitor the effectiveness of treatment, and measure the compliance and emerging resistance to these drugs.
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PMID:HIV-1 RNA levels in an African population-based cohort and their relation to CD4 lymphocyte counts and World Health Organization clinical staging. 1084 31

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels in female genital tract and peripheral blood samples were compared using two commercial amplification technologies: the Roche AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR test and either the Organon Teknika nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA-QT) assay or the NucliSens assay. Estimates of HIV-1 RNA copy number were derived from internal kit standards and analyzed unadjusted and adjusted to a common set of external standards. We found a discordance rate of approximately 18% between the two technologies for the detection of HIV-1 in either the genital tract or peripheral blood samples. Detection discordance was not consistent among specimens or among women. There were no significant differences in adjusted or unadjusted estimates of HIV-1 RNA copy number in the genital tract samples using the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR test and either the NASBA-QT assay or the NucliSens assay. In addition, the estimated HIV-1 RNA copy number in peripheral blood samples did not differ when tested with the NucliSens assay and the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR test using kit standards. However, there was a significant difference in estimated RNA copy number between the NASBA-QT assay and the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR test for internal kit standards, which, as we have previously shown, was eliminated after adjustment with the external standards. Our results suggest that the Roche and Organon Teknika assays are equivalent for quantifying HIV-1 RNA in female genital tract specimens, although variation in detection does exist.
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PMID:Comparison of two amplification technologies for detection and quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in the female genital tract. Division of AIDS Treatment Research Initiative 009 Study Team. 1087 61

DAVIH AC p24 kit for detecting anti p24 antibodies of HIV-1, worked out by the National Laboratory of Reference of AIDS (Labor-1, Cuba) is assessed and results are compared to those of the Western Blot technique (DAVIH-Blot, Labor-1, Cuba). 191 samples from HIV positive patients at various stages of the disease were analyzed. 96% sensitivity; 100% specificity and 96.3% coincidence were found in both techniques. The anti p-24 ELISA-DAVIH system is a good alternative for the follow-up of HIV positive patients.
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PMID:[Assessment of an ELISA for the detection of antibodies against HIV-1 protein p24]. 1088 74

Inaccurate quantification of plasma HIV RNA concentration may be detrimental to patient care, yet little is known about how reproducible results are within and between laboratories. Each week between January and April 1998 a different laboratory represented at the Public Health Laboratory Service HIV Diagnosis Forum sent aliquots of the same anti-HIV positive plasma specimen by First Class Mail to the other 12 laboratories and to itself. Aliquots were frozen on receipt and examined in the next assay run. At the end of the 13 week period each laboratory reported their findings and provided further information about the specimen that they had dispatched. The correlation of results between laboratories and between the four different assay kits used was generally satisfactory. HIV RNA concentrations determined by the Roche Monitor and AcuGen kits were higher, and by the Chiron Quantiplex v 2.0 kit lower, than average. The Chiron Quantiplex gave the most reproducible concentrations. Nine 'below detection limit' results occurred, associated with three specimens. One specimen gave a below detection limit result in every one of six laboratories using the Organon Teknika Nuclisens HIV-1 QT kit, and was found to contain viral RNA of HIV-1 clade G. Another below detection limit result was probably due to technical error, and the remaining two to assay insensitivity. The findings suggested that an unsustained change in HIV RNA of <log(10)1.00 may not be a reliable basis for modifying treatment. This study confirms the need for performance assessment and for conservative interpretation of isolated changes in the estimate of HIV RNA concentration. Parallel testing of consecutive specimens from individual patients, though expensive, probably offers the best indication of significant change in the HIV RNA concentration.
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PMID:Accuracy of plasma HIV RNA quantification: a multicentre study of variability. 1089 58

We investigated the performance of the new p24 antigen detection kit (VIDAS HIV p24) with the conventional antigen kit (HIV-1 Ag monoclonal; Abbott). The new kit is an enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay (ELFA) and all of the assay steps are performed automatically by the VIDAS instrument within 100 minutes. With the seven HIV-1 seroconversion panels, three seroconversions were detected on an average of 6.8 days earlier with ELFA than the conventional EIA kit. ELFA showed negative results for all of the 11 false positive samples by the combined (p24, anti-HIV) detection kit (VIDAS HIV DUO). The results obtained suggest that ELFA are very useful for an earlier diagnosis of HIV infection and re-test for false positive samples by other HIV diagnosis kits.
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PMID:[Investigation of a new HIV-1 p24 antigen detection kit based on the enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay]. 1106 64

Loss of periodontal support and eventually tooth loss is a common finding among acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. The cause of this destruction may be an increase in periodontal disease activity at sites within the same individual and also may be related to an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines, diffused through the gingival crevicular sulcus in AIDS patients. A study was undertaken to determine the relative levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), in gingival crevicular fluid collected from the deep (> 5 mm periodontal pocket depth) and shallow (< or = 3 mm periodontal pocket depth) periodontal pockets of 39 HIV-1-infected patients and 20 age-, race- and sex-matched uninfected controls. Complete medical history including risk factors such as intravenous drug abuse was taken. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected on periopaper strips. Cytokines were estimated by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To assess the degree of HIV activity, the viral load of these patients was determined by an Amplicor HIV-1 monitor kit using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Gingival crevicular fluid from HIV-1-infected patients showed a two-fold increase in both IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha in deep periodontal pockets in comparison to shallow pockets, whereas IL-6 increased 1.8-fold. There was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in gingival crevicular fluid (both shallow and deep pockets) from HIV-1-infected patients in comparison to uninfected controls and also significantly elevated in deep versus shallow pockets in these patients. Although IL-1 beta, L-6 and TNF-alpha levels among HIV-1-infected patients with a high viral load (> 10,000 copies/ml) were higher than those from patients with a low viral load (< 400 copies/ml), only the increase in IL-1 beta level associated with deep pockets was significant (P < 0.05). There was also a trend of an increase in all the three cytokines among intravenous drug-abusing HIV-1-infected patients in comparison to non-intravenous drug abusers, but only the difference in IL-1 beta levels from deep pockets reached significance (P < 0.05). These enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the gingival crevicular fluid of HIV-positive patients may be an important factor in causing the advanced periodontal lesions sometimes observed in HIV-positive patients.
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PMID:Enhanced interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in gingival crevicular fluid from periodontal pockets of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1. 1115 68

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