Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A hybridoma secreting monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific to CD4 protein was generated. This monoclonal antibody, named MT4, was proved to be specific to CD4 protein as it reacted with CD4-DNA transfected COS cells, CD4+ cell lines and CD4+ lymphocytes. Furthermore, MT4 mAb inhibited the binding of standard CD4 monoclonal antibodies to CD4 proteins on CD4+ cells. To develop a home made reagent for CD4+ lymphocyte determination by flow cytometry, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was conjugated to MT4 mAb. To evaluate the developed reagent, 30 HIV infected and 30 healthy individuals were determined for CD4+ lymphocytes by using both a commercial Simultest reagent kit and home made FITC labeled MT4 mAb simultaneously. The study has shown that both percentages and absolute CD4+ lymphocyte counts obtained from both reagents were equivalent. The correlation coefficient for regression analysis was 0.995 and 0.996 for percentages and absolute CD4+ lymphocyte counts, respectively. The results suggest that home made FITC labeled MT4 reagent is an acceptable alternative reagent for monitoring CD4+ lymphocytes in blood samples by flow cytometry.
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PMID:Production of monoclonal antibody to CD4 antigen and development of reagent for CD4+ lymphocyte enumeration. 980 89

We studied a basic evaluation of the reliability and usefulness of the test results to assess the validity of the kit "AMPLICOR HIV-1 Monitor" as a laboratory tool, by determining the reproducibility, linearity on dilution, possible effects of interference on the results, and correlation with the results obtained at outside facilities. Furthermore, we compared the HIV-1 RNA load between blood samples obtained from HIV-1 subtype B and E. The HIV-1 RNA load measurement was made according to the pre-determined methods of this kit, in blood samples obtained from HIV-positive outpatients. Simultaneous reproducibility was 23.08%-32.95% in C.V.% and linearity was maintained between 110 copies/ml and 2,184,277 copies/ml, demonstrating favorable performance of the kit. The institution correlation between two facilities were also favorable. Fluctuation of measurement by interference was absent for bilirubin, hemoglobin and chyle, but was significant for heparin.
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PMID:[Evaluation of a PCR assay commercial kit for quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 RNA]. 984 21

Some new commercial methods for the extraction of viral RNA have been introduced recently. In addition to the study published previously (Verhofstede, C., Reniers, S., Van Wanzeele. F., Plum J., 1996. AIDS 8, 1421-1427), seven different methods (four newly developed and three reference methods) for extraction of HIV-1 RNA from plasma have been evaluated. The RNA preparation method that gave the best results (acceptable reproducibility, highest sensitivity, reasonable price, fast and easy to perform), was the QIAamp Viral RNA kit from QIAgen. The High Pure Viral RNA Kit (Boehringer Mannheim) as well as the non-commercialised extraction kits were also very sensitive. The non-commercial tests seem less suitable for routine use and for the processing of large number of samples. Two methods, RNA Insta-Pure LS (Eurogentec) and PANext RNA extraction kit 1 (NTL, PANsystems GmbH) are not adapted for HIV plasma extraction. The single step methods using glass fibre or silica column are rapid (from 60 to 75 min depending on the number of wash steps) and although the price is high they are cheaper than the Boom extraction methods: High Pure Viral RNA Kit (Boehringer Mannheim) ($3.3/sample), QIAamp Viral RNA Kit (Qiagen) ($3.6/sample), Boom extraction ($5/sample). The Qiagen kit is the only kit that combines sensitivity with reproducibility, it is commercialised, rapid and affordable in price and can be automated. For most of the methods evaluated the inter-test variability was acceptable (mean variation coefficient between duplicate extractions varied between 26.4 and 48.6%).
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PMID:Isolation of HIV-1 RNA from plasma: evaluation of seven different methods for extraction (part two). 992 50

Between 1993 and 1996, we carried out a serological screening for differentially identifying HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections among the high risk group persons admitted in the various wards of BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai, using the ImmunoComb kit. This study indicates that although HIV-1 is the predominant virus prevalent in Mumbai, dual HIV-1-2 and HIV-2 infections are gradually increasing.
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PMID:Increasing prevalence of HIV-2 and dual HIV-1-2 infections among high risk group hospital admitted patients in Mumbai (Bombay). 1021 92

The effect of 44 different metal ions (Ag+, Al3+, As(O-)2, Au3+, Ba2+, Be2+, Bi3+, Cd2+, Ce3+, CO2+, Cr(O2-)4, Cr3+, Cs+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Ga3+, Ge4+, Hg2+, Ir4+, La3+, Li+, Mn2+, MO6+, Ni2+, OS4+, Pb2+, Pt4+, Rb+, Rh3+, Sb5+, Se(O2-)4, Se(O2-)3, Sn2+, Sr2+, Th4+, T1+, U(O2+)2, V(O-)3, VO2+, W(O2-)4, Y3+, Zn2+, and Zr4+) on the activity of the reverse transcriptase (RT) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) was investigated in vitro. For this study, the RT activity assay was carried out by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, using the template/primer hybrid poly(A) oligo(dT)15, which required some modifications: (1) possible interfering metal chelators (such as EDTA) in the original lysis buffer were avoided, and a new buffer (50 mM Tris-NO3, pH 7.8) was used throughout; (2) an amount of 2 ng of RT per well was considered to be optimal after checking the linearity of the reaction with increasing amounts of enzyme; (3) an incubation temperature of 37 degrees C and an incubation time of 1 h were chosen after preliminary studies in a wide range of temperature and time. At an incubation temperature > or = 40 degrees C, there was a dramatic loss of enzymatic activity. In addition, when RT alone was preincubated for 1 h at 5 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 37 degrees C, there was a large (83%) loss of activity at 37 C as compared to that at 5 degrees C. These results are indicative of enzyme thermolability, which is higher in the absence of substrates. The effect of metal ions on RT activity was tested using two different metal salt concentrations (10(-4) M and 10(-5) M). Under such experimental conditions, the presence of five metal ions (Pt4+, Ag+, Rh3+, Zn2+, and Hg2+) decreased the RT activity in a dose-response fashion. The observed order of effectiveness with respect to inhibition was Pt4+ > Ag+ > Rh3+ > Zn2+ = Hg2+. Estimated mean inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were 7.8 microM for (NH4)2PtCl6, 14.1 microM for AgNO3, 46.8 microM for RhCl3, 53.7 microM for Zn(SO)4, and 56.2 microM for Hg(NO3)2. Because these data are of the same order of magnitude as the corresponding values related to other RT inhibitors used in anti-AIDS therapy, metal compounds or their derivatives could give an interesting contribution in the development of new RT inhibitors for clinical use.
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PMID:Effects of trace metal compounds on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: an in vitro study. 1032 22

Between 1993 and 1996, we carried out a serological screening for differentially identifying HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections among the high risk group persons admitted in the various wards of BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai, using the ImmunoComb kit. This study indicates that although HIV-1 is the predominant virus prevalent in Mumbai, dual HIV-1-2 and HIV-2 infections are gradually increasing.
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PMID:Increasing prevalence of dual HIV-1-2 infections among voluntary blood donors in Mumbai (Bombay). 1032 93

Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV-1) is normally carried out by serum testing for HIV-1 antibody. Recently, antibody testing in other body fluids such as saliva and urine have been attempted. In this study, we examined HIV-1 antibody patterns in urine by Western blot assay as compared to that found in serum. Out of 44 sero-positive samples by Western blot assay we found 43 to be HIV-1 antibody positive in the urine, whereas all 40 sero-negative samples were negative in urine. Thus the sensitivity of urine testing was 97.7% with 100% specificity when compared to serum testing by the Western blot assay. In the analysis of the antibody pattern in urine, we found 6.8% of p17, 68% of p24, and 47.7% of p39 in the core proteins; 72.7% of p31, 61.4% of p51, and 68.2% of p66 in the polymerase; and 63.6% of gp41, 75% of gp120, and 97.7% of gp160 in the envelope proteins. The data obtained supports the selection of the HIV-1 antigen subtype-E to develop a home test kit using urine. Urine testing for HIV-1 antibody is convenient, non-invasive, safe, and easily performed at home. However, if the urine is positive, the confirmation test on serum is needed.
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PMID:Urinary HIV-1 antibody patterns by western blot assay. 1034 98

The possibility of detecting HIV-1 antibodies by an immunoblotting kit is studied in a panel of 125 known specimens of dried blood spotted on filter paper and their corresponding serum samples. No differences were observed in the patterns of bands with both types of samples or in the sensitivity and specificity, where 100% figures were attained, allowing to conclude that the blood specimen taken on filter paper may be used for the detection of HIV-1 antibodies by the DAVIH-BLOT system and may be kept at 4 degrees C during 30 weeks.
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PMID:[The determination of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in samples of dried blood on filter paper]. 1034 24

Iscador, an aqueous extract of Viscum album L., has been used for more than 80 years as an anticancer drug. Due to its immunomodulatory potential, since the onset of the AIDS epidemic it has also been applied in the treatment of HIV-positive and AIDS patients in the form of the preparation V. album QuFrF (VaQuFrF; Labor Hiscia, Arlesheim, Switzerland). In in vitro investigations, incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with V. album L. extracts resulted in stimulation of lymphocyte activity with increased gene expression and release of various cytokines and also of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). In the latent phase, HIV positives exhibit only slightly elevated IFN-gamma concentrations in serum in comparison with HIV negatives, but in the acute phase of AIDS, there is an increase in levels of IFN-gamma. As the assay of cytokine levels in serum is a simple method of measuring immune system reactions, the aim of this trial was to determine whether increases in serum IFN-gamma levels in HIV positives and HIV negatives can be detected using this method after repeated injections of VaQuFrF. Five healthy subjects and 13 HIV-positive patients were investigated. IFN-gamma concentrations in serum were assayed using an ELISA test kit (ELISA test; ENDOGEN, Cambridge, Mass., USA). No drug-related elevation of serum IFN-gamma was observed at any time point during the trial. It can thus be concluded that this method is not suitable for direct investigation of the immunomodulatory effects of VaQuFrF in vivo.
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PMID:No evidence of IFN-gamma increase in the serum of HIV-positive and healthy subjects after subcutaneous injection of a non-fermented viscum album L. extract. 1036 86

We modify Dorfman's and Sterrett's group testing protocols to make them suitable for testing blood samples for the presence of HIV antibodies, as well as for many industrial applications, when false negatives cannot be tolerated. We first propose that test kit sensitivity be increased to nearly 100 per cent by altering the reactive versus non-reactive threshold. Subsequently, group and repeat testing are used with a careful selection of group size and the number of times a test is repeated, in order to maximize efficiency while keeping the false positive predictive value (FPPV) within a specified limit. Numerical calculations show that our testing protocol is efficient, has low procedural complexity and keeps both types of classification errors below specified tolerance limits.
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PMID:Group testing in presence of classification errors. 1037 55


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