Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An enzyme immuno assay kit has been developed to detect anti-HIV antibody in urine. In order to examine the clinical utility of the kit, 1333 urine samples were assayed. These samples consisted of 233 urine samples from HIV infected patients, 472 samples from HIV uninfected patients including 203 samples from patients with urogenital diseases, and 628 samples from normal subjects. Anti-HIV antibodies were detected in all the urine samples from HIV infected patients, and the diagnostic sensitivity for HIV infection was 100% with no false negative cases. A variety of anti-HIV antibody titers were found in the urine samples from HIV infected patients. However, no significant differences were found in the distribution patterns of urinary anti-HIV antibody titers among AC, ARC and AIDS patients. False positives were determined in only five samples in 628 healthy subjects (0.8%), one in 19 patients with hepatitis (5.3%), one in 45 patients with hemophilia (2.2%) and two in 105 pregnant women (1.9%). The antibody titers of all the false positive samples in these groups were less than the cut-off index multiplied by two. However, relatively high positive rates were demonstrated in the samples from urogenital diseases (11.8%), diabetes mellitus (20.0%) and auto-immune diseases (7.3%). False positive results were found to be directly correlated to the protein concentration of urinary protein, especially the immunoglobulin concentration in urine. The assay system was also evaluated by various reproducibility tests performed by different operators at different laboratories. The test results were satisfactory.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Clinical usefulness of urinary anti HIV antibody test--a large scale study from 11 institutes in Japan]. 774 30

We used a colorimetric polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay in kit form to detect directly human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviral gag sequences in peripheral blood cells from 68 healthy blood donors, 51 subjects at risk for HIV infection, 122 patients with HIV-1 infection, 11 patients with indeterminate Western blot (immunoblot) results, 4 blood donors HIV-1 positive by enzyme immunoassay, and 13 children born to HIV-1-seropositive mothers. The results obtained in the blood donors and HIV-1-infected patients demonstrated the high degree of diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of the PCR method. HIV-1 infection was excluded in 10 of the 11 patients with indeterminate Western blot results and in all four enzyme immunoassay-positive blood donors. A diagnosis of HIV infection was ruled out by negative PCR results in 5 of 13 children from seropositive mothers, which excluded vertical transmission of the infection in these cases; these children were younger than 3 months and had positive serological results. Two at-risk patients with negative serological results had positive PCR results. All results were confirmed by conventional PCR. In conclusion, colorimetric PCR, which is commercially available in kit form, is an easy and reliable technique that can be used to detect proviral HIV-1 genomes in blood cells, and despite the limitations owing to HIV genome variability, it is useful in the clinical setting for the diagnosis of HIV infection in selected categories of patients.
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PMID:Direct detection of proviral gag segment of human immunodeficiency virus in peripheral blood lymphocytes by colorimetric PCR assay as a clinical laboratory tool applied to different at-risk populations. 775 70

The Roche Amplicor PCR kit was used to detect HIV-1 DNA in UK patients of known serostatus. Four false-negative and/or equivocal results were obtained from patients who were known to be anti HIV seropositive (Tosswill et al., 1994). Cells from the blood of these patients were shown to contain HIV DNA after extraction, concentration and amplification by nested PCR using primers flanking those in the kit. To determine whether DNA sequence divergence was the cause of these discrepancies, the gag region targeted by the primers in the kit was sequenced for specimens giving positive, equivocal and false-negative results. No greater degree of sequence divergence was found within the primer and probe target regions among the equivocals and false-negatives than among the positive control specimens. The few misleading results were probably attributable to low copy numbers of proviral DNA in these specimens. Sequences obtained from the target and flanking regions of the kit were sufficient to allow the genotype of the virus to be determined.
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PMID:Analysis and genotyping of PCR products of the Amplicor HIV-1 kit. 776 40

In the first months of 1994, 393 patients (random consecutive clinic attenders) from three sentinel clinics were tested for anti-V3 loop antibodies in ELISA with a branched synthetic peptide reproducing eight copies of full V3 sequence. Compared with a commercial HIV 1/2 ELISA kit the sensitivity of anti-V3 assay was 97.6% and the specificity 89.7%. The seroprevalence in women attending prenatal clinic was 7.54% and in children with multiple hospitalization record, 3.82%. Both heterosexual and parenteral transmission through unsafe medical practices fuel actual AIDS epidemic in Romania.
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PMID:Preliminary results of HIV screening in sentinel facilities in Romania. 782 67

Following the recent developments in diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, we have assessed a set of HIV-1 DNA reference standards using the first commercial diagnostic test kit for the detection of HIV-1 (Amplicor, Roche) in an international collaborative study. Nineteen laboratories in 11 countries analysed a set of ten (re-coded) HIV-1 DNA reference standards, whose performance had been validated in a previous collaborative study (Bootman and Kitchin, 1992). Results from the current study show that, using the diagnostic kit, 84% of laboratories (16/19) obtained correct diagnoses for all ten test samples. One additional laboratory failed only to detect the sample containing ten copies of target template. Test results from the remaining two laboratories were declared void in accordance with the Amplicor quality control guidelines.
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PMID:Reference preparations in the standardisation of HIV-1 PCR--an international collaborative study. 782 88

The testing of dried blood spots (DBSs) for the presence of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) proviral DNA by PCR was first described in 1991. The technology has proven to be particularly valuable for resolving the infection status in HIV-1-indeterminate infants born to HIV-1-seropositive mothers. To broaden the applicability of DBS PCR, we adapted it to a standardized, commercially available microwell plate amplification and detection kit, Amplicor HIV-1, produced by Roche Diagnostic Systems. The microwell assay is rapid and easy to perform and uses equipment that is readily available in routine diagnostic laboratories. The high level of performance of the assay was demonstrated in 1,168 duplicate tests performed on 584 DBSs from 178 uninfected and 100 HIV-1-infected individuals, including 56 children with perinatally acquired HIV-1. Of 12 infants who were followed prospectively from birth, 3 (25%) were infected in utero (PCR positive at birth) and 9 (75%) were infected intrapartum (PCR negative, culture negative at birth). Overall, HIV-1 DNA was identified in 3 of 11 (27.3%) DBSs collected from infected infants during the first 4 days of life, 8 of 9 (88.9%) DBSs collected between 10 and 15 days postpartum, and 166 of 167 (99.4%) DBSs collected after 15 days of age. All 320 DBSs from uninfected children were PCR DNA negative. These findings indicate that use of the Roche microwell DBS PCR assay provides a powerful new approach for large-scale perinatal screening programs and population-based studies of vertical transmission.
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PMID:Rapid screening for early detection of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. 785 49

The cost-saving strategies of HIV antibody testing are assessed. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is deemed the most efficient and reliable test for processing 100 samples/day in a large blood bank. Up to 82% can be saved if the western blot is replaced by a suitable ELISA or rapid or simple test. WHO has recommended testing for HIV antibody that uses ELISA with or without rapid and simple assays in place of the ELISA plus western blot strategy. The testing strategies recommended are as follows: 1) All serum is tested with one ELISA or a rapid or simple assay. Reactive samples are taken to be positive for HIV antibody and non-reactive samples to be HIV-antibody negative; 2) All serum is first tested as in strategy 1, and any sample reactive in the first assay is retested with a second ELISA or rapid/simple assay based on a different antigen preparation, a different test principle (indirect vs. competitive), or both; 3) All serum is first tested as in strategy 1, and any reactive samples are retested with a different assay. Strategy 3 requires a third test if the serum is reactive in the first and second assays. Screening for HIV antibody in pooled serum from up to 5 individuals can also reduce the cost. Pooling methods assessed in blood banking systems in Zaire, Zimbabwe, Ecuador, the Philippines, and the Caribbean proved to be as sensitive and specific as individual sample testing. The use of strategy 1 to test only pooled serum saves about 75%, and testing of pooled serum with subsequent identification of affected seropositive individuals saves about 55%. WHO recommends a maximum pool of 5 samples for areas with seroprevalence of 2%. The simple particle agglutination method on the pooled serum can also save costs. Test kits cost from $1.20 per test for ELISA to more than $30 for western blot. In 1990, the Global Program on AIDS bought HIV diagnostic test kits; a saving to countries of about 44% will be achieved through the bulk purchase of tests from kit manufactures.
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PMID:Reducing the cost of HIV antibody testing. 810 39

Within the past decade, anaphylaxis from latex products has been a recognized clinical crisis. Immediately after contact with latex, the patient can experience urticaria, nasorhinitis, conjunctivitis, asthma, hypotension, and shock. Health care workers, children with spina bifida, patients with a history of urogenital procedures, and employees of rubber manufacturing plants have the highest incidence. The most common denominators include frequent contact with latex and a history of allergies, although cases without these components have been reported. The increased incidence is linked to the increase of glove and condom use in preventing the spread of the HIV virus. Sensitization to the natural rubber protein is the allergen, although the specific protein has not been isolated. A thorough medical and surgical history and a history of previous allergies and allergic events should be collected on all patients with complaints of any latex contact symptoms. Latex-sensitive patients should wear a Medic Alert bracelet and carry an epinephrine autoinjector kit. Health care providers must be alert for the possible occurrence of latex sensitivities in their patients.
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PMID:Latex allergy: recognition and management of a modern problem. 827 93

There are several methods to detect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; the detection of antibodies against HIV, the detection of HIV particles, and the detection of HIV infected cells. The detection of anti-HIV antibodies is practical, but the antibodies are undetectable both on a seronegative person at the superacute phase, and the new-born baby from a seropositive mother. No other method is ideal for all purposes. Thus the detection of the HIV-specific nucleotide sequence especially using the PCR method has been expected. We developed a quantitational PCR method to assay HIV-infected PBMC cell number, and the result correlated with that of the quantitational culture method, and also correlated with the CD4 count, that is inversely related to the clinical stage of HIV infection. Our quantitational PCR method must be improved before application to a practical routine test. A new PCR kit to detect HIV infected cells qualitatively has been developed and purchased in Europe. This kit is especially workable to test specimens where the antibody detection method cannot be used. PCR can be used on other specimens and can be applied to HIV infection. HIV RNA (both genomic RNA and viral mRNA) can be detected by a combination with the reverse transcriptase reaction. This method (RT-PCR) will be ideal to detect HIV particles. With PCR, the sequence-differentiation between each clinical virus strain may be detected, thus the characterization of a virus strain such as drug resistance, latency, or the prognosis may be recognized. PCR is indeed a valuable method to detect HIV-infection, provided its limits are properly understood.
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PMID:[The diagnosis of HIV infection by detecting specific nucleotide sequence]. 828 1

AMPLICOR HIV-1 test kits, which had been developed as an HIV-1 provirus detection test by PCR method, have been evaluated for its clinical diagnostic application. Sixty-six of HIV-1 antibody positive and 67 of HIV-1 antibody negative blood samples derived from hemophiliacs, who had received blood products, have been tested by AMPLICOR HIV-1. All of the results from AMPLICOR HIV-1 were consistent with those from antibody test and clinical aspects. Thirty-nine of HIV-1 antibody positive samples have been tested by AMPLICOR HIV-1 and virus isolation (culture method). Twelve of 39 (30.8%) were positive by virus isolation, and 39 of 39 (100%) were positive by AMPLICOR HIV-1. Two of new born infants from HIV-1 sero-positive mothers were tested by AMPLICOR HIV-1, and the result suggested that the kit would be useful for diagnosis of infants from sero-positive mothers. Based on these studies, AMPLICOR HIV-1 is considered as useful clinical diagnostic for HIV-1 proviral DNA detection.
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PMID:[Detection of HIV-1 proviral DNA in peripheral leukocytes by AMPLICOR HIV-1 test kit]. 829 41


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