Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A dot enzyme immunoassay for antibody to HIV has been developed and tested with a panel of positive and negative sera. It has proved to be of equal or greater sensitivity compared with a commercial ELISA kit, is simple and quick to perform, requires neither sophisticated equipment nor highly trained technical staff. The reagents are stable enough for postal distribution in tropical countries and, other than for the antigen, the costs are low, making it an appropriate test for use in the developing world when funds for expensive commercial kits are not available.
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PMID:Dot enzyme immunoassay. A simple, cheap and stable test for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 329 54

A commercially available luminescence enhanced enzyme immunoassay (Amerlite--Amersham International) for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was compared with an established enzyme immunoassay (Monoclonal 1-step Assay--Abbott Laboratories). A reference range for healthy blood donors (n = 272) was established for both kits. The blood donors were not separated into smokers and non-smokers, but were excluded from the reference group if they showed abnormal aminotransferase or gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase serum values. Twenty eight donors were excluded in this way. The test group consisted of 130 known tumour patients, and included pre- and post-operative serum samples. Normal and elevated CEA values were present. All sera were negative for HBsAg, anti-HBsAg and anti-HIV as determined with commercial enzyme immunoassays used routinely in the blood bank. The luminescence enhanced immunoassay gave rise to a reference range (95% confidence limits) of less than 3.91 micrograms/l in comparison with the enzyme immunoassay, which had a reference range of less than 4.12 micrograms/l. The proportion of elevated values in the tumour patient group was 37/130 for the luminescence enhanced enzyme immunoassay and 28/130 for the enzyme immunoassay. The correlation of values from both methods in the blood donor group was good (r = 0.771, n = 272). The CEA levels found in the tumour patient group differed significantly when measured in both kits (Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank test--c-alpha = -6.52, p less than 0.01, n = 130), the Amersham kit giving the higher results (median values--Abbott 2.35 micrograms/l, Amersham 2.50 micrograms/l).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Initial results with a commercial luminescence enhanced enzyme immunoassay for the determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in body fluids. 332 Feb 61

We tested the Wellcozyme anti-HTLV III kit on: 600 blood donors fresh sera, simultaneously tested by Elavia (Diagnostics Pasteur) or Vironostika (Organon); 20 plasmas, known to be anti-HIV negative; 22 sera, already labelled, and a panel of 10 specimens from the "Retrovirus" study group of the French National Society of Blood Transfusion, also tested by Elavia, Vironostika, Abbott HTLV III EIA and by two confirmatory tests: Immuno-blot (Diagnostics Pasteur) and Abbott confirmatory test. The Wellcome kit is, at present, the only one to use a competitive Elisa method and not to require any sample predilution. The method is easy to perform, rapid (results in 1 h 30 time) and it tests as well serum as plasma. No interferences have been observed from high lipid concentrations or strong hemolysis on the Elisa reaction. The performances of the Wellcozyme test are satisfactory. We did not find any "false positive" result. But the study shows that this kit is not sensitive enough for the detection of anti-P25 antibodies, which appear on the beginning of seroconversion, unless the "grey range" is extended: the Wellcome Laboratories have just made this recommendation.
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PMID:[Wellcozyme: a new kit for the detection of anti-HIV antibodies. Considerations apropos of the initial trials]. 364 31

Serum samples from a total of 1505 (826 males and 679 females) individuals belonging to various categories of Delhi based high-risk groups, such as those attending clinics which treat sexually transmitted diseases (n=700), prostitutes (n=348), jail inmates (n=325), drug addicts (n=26), blood donors (n=11), those clinically suspected AIDS cases (n=89), and those who underwent coronary bypass surgery abroad during the past 3-4 years (n=6) were screened for the presence of antibodies to HTLV-III/LAV/HIV virus. The commercial Wellcozyme AIDS ELISA kit was used and none of the serum samples tested positive for the HTLV-III virus.
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PMID:Screening for seroprevalence of HTLV-III/HIV infection in high risk groups in Delhi. 380 83

The authors evaluate the use of saliva as alternative biological material for detection of HIV antibodies. If collected properly and when using the appropriate ELISA methods, HIV antibodies can be assessed in saliva with considerable sensitivity and specificity. Testing in saliva eliminates many disadvantages found when assessing HIV antibodies in serum. It does not require trained staff for blood sampling, collection and processing of saliva reduces the risk of professional infection to a minimum and can be carried out also under field conditions. A great advantage is the easy and unpretentious transport of collected samples to the laboratory, even long distance transport at extreme temperatures (transport medium in the testing kit Omni-SAL ensures great stability of the sample as well as proper collection of the sample). Alternative testing in saliva is useful in particular for epidemiological surveillance and for screening of HIV antibodies in population groups with a high risk of infections such as drug users and commercial works where it is often very difficult to obtain blood samples for examination.
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PMID:[Detection of HIV virus antibodies in saliva]. 748 36

In an attempt to verify the possible role of retrovirus in idiopathic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the sera of 21 ALS patients admitted to the Neurological Unit of the Don Gnocchi Foundation in Milan, Italy, and of 9 ALS patients from Ulm University in Germany have been evaluated for the presence of antibodies to the human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV-I and HTLV-II). The sera of 30 healthy individuals and 20 HIV-infected but HTLV-negative subjects have been also studied as control. Moreover, the HTLV tax-rex and pol DNA sequence have been searched in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 15 ALS patients and 15 HIV-positive HTLV-negative subjects using a nested PCR currently employed in our laboratory for the study of HTLV infections. Antibodies to one or more HTLV proteins have been found by using a Western blot (WB) kit in the sera of 10 Italian and 7 German ALS cases, while all the healthy controls were negative and only one HIV-positive subject had antibodies to HTLV gp21. HTLV tax-rex sequences have been found in the PBMCs of 6 ALS patients while all the controls were negative. All 15 ALS cases and controls were negative for HTLV pol DNA indicating that only the most conserved region of the HTLV genome could be detected. On the whole our data indicate that some ALS patients have antibodies to HTLV proteins and that the tax-rex region of the HTLV genome can be found in their PBMCs.
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PMID:HTLV tax-rex DNA and antibodies in idiopathic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 759 8

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with human immunodeficiency virus nephropathy (HIVFGS) involves glomeruli, tubules, and interstitium. Its pathogenesis is unknown, but HIV peptides may be critical in its development. Human immunodeficiency virus peptides and peptide-antibody complexes are immunomodulatory, and are associated with apoptosis in lymphoid cells. To determine whether apoptosis is present in HIVFGS, renal biopsy specimens of eight patients with HIVFGS were compared with those of 10 patients with idiopathic focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS) using the Apoptag kit (Oncor, Gaithersburg, MD), which detects single cell apoptosis in formalin-fixed tissue by staining 3' nucleosome fragments with digoxigenin-labeled nucleotides after terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase enzyme treatment. Apoptosis was scored per glomerulus, in total renal tissue sectioned, and in tubules and interstitium per square millimeter using a computerized digital image analyzer. There was no difference between the number of apoptotic cells per glomerulus or per square millimeter of interstitium in patients with FGS and HIVFGS. There were greater numbers of tubular apoptotic cells per square millimeter (2.1 +/- 0.9 v 0.15 +/- 0.08; P = 0.03) in HIVFGS compared with idiopathic FGS. The difference between apoptotic cells per total square millimeter of renal tissue (2.8 +/- 1.2 v 0.7 +/- 0.3) approached significance (P = 0.066). Apoptosis may be associated with the pathogenesis of HIV nephropathy and may be an important determinant of the tubular disease in HIVFGS.
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PMID:Apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy. 764 32

Antigenicity of 13 synthetic HIV peptides were tested by ELISA. The results indicated that CH-10 was the most antigenetic peptide as compared with CH-10a and CH-12a. An 80 micrograms/ml concentration of HIV peptide was best. Similarities were found by comparing CH-10 peptide with the Organon test kit. The results showed that synthetic HIV-peptide may be a substitute for HIV virus or recombinant HIV antigen for the detection of HIV-antibody in serum.
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PMID:[Study of synthetic peptide antigen in the detection of HIV sero-antibody]. 769 9

Measurement of CD4 T-lymphocyte levels is clinically useful in monitoring immune status in a number of conditions, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, in which the absolute CD4 count is used to guide therapy. The absolute CD4 count is obtained by multiplying the results of the leukocyte count and the differential with a hematology cell counter and the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes determined by flow cytometry. These techniques require expensive, complex instrumentation, and interlaboratory results are difficult to standardize and reproduce. The rapid growth of HIV infection worldwide has increased the need for more-reproducible and cost-effective methods for CD4 T-cell monitoring. The TRAx CD4 test kit is based on a novel adaptation of conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and permits the simple quantitation of total CD4 protein from whole-blood lysates. In this study, the relationship between total CD4 protein measured in units per milliliter (TRAx) and in cells per microliter (flow cytometry and hematology) was defined in a multisite clinical study using linear regression analysis. Data from 230 HIV-seronegative and 321 HIV-seropositive specimens were used to calibrate the TRAx assay recombinant CD4 standards and controls in equivalent CD4 T lymphocytes per microliter (cells per microliter). The calibration of the TRAx CD4 assay in cells per microliter was validated with a second group of specimens from 17 healthy volunteers and 20 HIV-seropositive patients which were collected and tested under strictly controlled conditions intended to minimize the effects of specimen aging on the results of the reference method. These data were also used to estimate the variability of absolute CD4 count by cytometric methods as well as the precision of the TRAx CD4 result after it was calibrated in cells per microliter. Overall, correlations between the two methods ranged from 0.87 to 0.95. Additional studies demonstrated that the contribution of CD4 protein from monocytes and any soluble CD4 in sera are negligible in the TRAx assay and do not significantly affect results. This new method represents a promising alternative to absolute CD4 T-cell enumeration by flow cytometry and hematology.
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PMID:Comparison of CD4 cell count by a simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the TRAx CD4 test kit and by flow cytometry and hematology. 771 1

Eight Belgian AIDS Reference Laboratories established a multicentre quality control to evaluate the performance of their diagnostic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A set of Belgian and African HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative patient samples, collected in Belgium, and the British Medical Research Council (MRC) HIV-1 PCR reference reagent kit, containing plasmid HIV-1 DNA at several dilutions in human carrier DNA with appropriate negative controls, were tested by the laboratories. No false positive results were reported. All laboratories were able to detect one to two copies of HIV-1 DNA. Among the 17 Belgian and African HIV-1 seropositives, some laboratories reported up to four indeterminate results, mainly due to failure of the SK38-39, SK68-69 (Ou et al. (1988) Science 239, 295-297) and/or gag881-882 (Simmonds et al. (1990) J. Virol. 64, 864-872) primers and a poorly performing algorithm. Only the H1POL4235-4538 nested pol primer set, developed by one of the laboratories, correctly identified all the tested HIV-1 positive and negative samples. Consequently, the laboratories decided to evaluate these pol primers as a reference primer set and to standardise the testing algorithm. All laboratories achieved a sensitivity and specificity of 100% on testing 10 additional Belgian and African patient samples, when adapting a standardised algorithm based on three HIV-1 primer sets, one of which is the H1POL4235-4538 primer set.
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PMID:Standardisation of primers and an algorithm for HIV-1 diagnostic PCR evaluated in patients harbouring strains of diverse geographical origin. The Belgian AIDS Reference Laboratories. 773 51


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