Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the last five years, AIDS has become the preeminent health care problem in New York State correctional facilities. Through December 31, 1988, 915 cases of AIDS had been diagnosed among inmates. This represented approximately 1% of the cumulative AIDS cases in the United States, 4% of those in New York State, and 40% of those reported in state correctional systems nationwide. An analysis of epidemiologic data on these cases showed an annual increase in cases from 3 in 1981 to 227 in 1988, with an incidence greater than 400 per 100,000 inmates per year over the past four years. While most cases occurred in males (96%), females had the same high incidence rates (compared to the general population, in which female rates are one-eight of males). Forty-seven percent of infected inmates were Hispanic, 38% black, and 13% white. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was the most common diagnosis (65%), while Kaposi's sarcoma was rare (3%). Previous intravenous drug use has been the major risk factor, seen in 95% of cases. A comparison of 54 inmate AIDS cases with 107 matched and 196 unmatched controls showed that inmates in whom AIDS developed had significantly lower white blood cell counts on entry into prison, lower hematocrits and serum albumin levels, and higher serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and globulin counts. Through July 1989, 643 (70%) of these 915 inmates had died of AIDS, and HIV infection and AIDS account for 68% of recent inmate deaths.
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PMID:AIDS behind bars. Epidemiology of New York State prison inmate cases, 1980-1988. 231 19

3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine-5'-phosphate diglyceride (16:0/18:1 omega 9), a phosphatic acid conjugate of AZT, is active against HIV replication in H9 cells and syncytia formation in MOLT-3 cells. The activities rank as AZT greater than pure conjugate greater than conjugate in mixed liposomes, with the pure conjugate having about one-third the activity of free AZT. The compound binds very rapidly to serum lipoproteins, but not to serum albumin, alpha and beta globulins, or red cells. Pancreatic phospholipase A2 hydrolyzes it to the lysophosphatidic acid conjugate.
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PMID:Lipid conjugates of antiretroviral agents. I. Azidothymidine-monophosphate-diglyceride: anti-HIV activity, physical properties, and interaction with plasma proteins. 239

The addition of monosialoganglioside GM1 to serum-free culture medium efficiently and specifically inhibited CD4 antigen expression on normal T lymphocytes from peripheral blood or thymus as well as on cells from H9 and Molt-3 lines; other molecules such as CD3, CD2 and CD8 were not affected. Subsequent addition of fetal calf serum or bovine and human serum albumin blocked GM1 action on CD4 expression, most likely through the formation of ganglioside-albumin complexes. Removal of GM1 from the medium was followed by the prompt reappearance of CD4 on the cell surface. GM1 treatment of H9 and Molt-3 cells greatly reduced HIV-1 infectivity, which was evaluated by reverse transcriptase activity levels in culture supernatants and p24 detection on target cells. GM1 also inhibited syncytial formation in Molt-3 cells even when treatment was initiated 24h after infection. The GM1 effect on HIV-1 infectivity, however, was not long-lasting since removal of the compound was followed by a rapid increase in viral replication, probably due to CD4 re-expression and HIV-1 propagation from a few initially infected cells.
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PMID:CD4 modulation and inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity induced by monosialoganglioside GM1 in vitro. 247 63

One hundred consecutive patients with serum antibodies against HIV 1 were evaluated for the prevalence and the type of liver injury. According to the CDC classification, 16 patients belonged to group II (asymptomatic patients), 47 to group III (persistent generalized lymphadenopathy) and 37 to group IV (11 constitutional disease, 19 secondary infectious diseases, 5 secondary cancers, one chronic lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis and one visceral leishmaniasis). Liver histology was studied in 32 patients. Clinical, biological and histologic abnormalities were assessed according to the clinical group and to the number of T4 lymphocytes. The prevalence of HBV infection was determined by HBV DNA and monoclonal antibodies. Clinical hepatic abnormalities were rare (13 p. 100) and no difference was found between groups. Transaminases or GGT activities were elevated in 60 p. 100 of all cases. Serum GGT activity was higher and serum albumin lower in patients in group IV. HBV infection markers were less frequently found in patients with opportunistic infection (74 p. 100) than in asymptomatic patients (100 p. 100; p less than 0.05). Prevalence of serum HBsAg detected by poly- or monoclonal antibodies was very high (29 p. 100) in all clinical groups. Prevalence of serum HBsAg detected only by monoclonal antibodies (10 p. 100) suggest infection of these patients by an HBV variant. Of the 32 patients undergoing liver histology, only 5 (16 p. 100) had signs of activity. There was no association between clinical or histologic signs and the number of T4 lymphocytes per ml. Alkaline phosphatase, ASAT and GGT activities were higher and serum albumin lower in patients with less than 200 T4 lymphocytes per ml.
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PMID:[Hepatic involvement in HIV 1 virus infection]. 290 Jan 80

CSF protein and cellular profiles were studied in 28 HIV-infected patients. Twenty of them had neurological complaints, but only 6 patients had objective neurological deficits such as dementia, ocular motility disorders or polyneuropathy. The serum/CSF HIV antibody ratio was on average lowest in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (4 patients) and highest or almost normal in lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS) (11) and asymptomatic seropositivity (ASX) (7), while it varied between these extremes in AIDS-related complex (ARC) (6). However, low values of the ratio were also found in the HIV-infected patients free of neurological symptoms and even in one ASX patient. The CSF IgG index was elevated in all these 4 general stages of HIV infection without any significant differences between them. The CSF/serum albumin ratio was slightly increased in patients with neurological deficits, but this ratio showed no association with any other clinical factor analysed. CSF leucocytes were increased in the early stages of the disease, but later the cellular reaction subsided. HIV was isolated from post mortem brain tissue of two AIDS patients and from the CSF of one of them. The results suggest increased intrathecal virus-specific IgG synthesis, not only in patients with neurological deficits and at advanced stages of infection, but also in neurologically symptom-free subjects and at early infection. The lack of correlation between the increased virus-specific IgG synthesis within the CNS and the presence of neurological symptoms suggests that neurologically "silent" areas of brain white matter are often affected in HIV infection.
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PMID:CSF protein and cellular profiles in various stages of HIV infection related to neurological manifestations. 303 7

Parenteral drug abusers are at risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We tested stored sera for antibody to HIV (anti-HIV) using two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods and Western blot. The patients were parenteral drug abusers who had undergone percutaneous liver biopsy for chronic liver disease. Current or former alcohol abuse was noted in 88 (80%) of the 110 patients. The sensitivities of the two ELISA tests in comparison with Western blot, the more specific test for HIV, were 100 and 94%, respectively; the specificities were 94 and 99%. Western blot was positive in 36 (33%) of 110 patients. False-positive ELISA reactions for anti-HIV were seen in five (7%) of 70 patients with negative Western blot analyses. Compared to true-negatives, false-positives had significantly more years of alcohol abuse, younger ages of onset of alcohol abuse, greater frequencies of jaundice and edema, higher levels of alkaline phosphatase, total billirubin, total protein, and globulins, and lower levels of serum albumin. In a stepwise logistic regression, only hyperglobulinemia was significantly associated with a false-positive anti-HIV. We conclude that: (a) ELISA tests for anti-HIV are useful for screening abusers of alcohol and parenteral drugs with chronic liver disease for HIV infection, but positive results must be confirmed with more specific tests such as Western blot; (b) false-positive ELISA reactions in this population are associated with hyperglobulinemia; and (c) studies of HIV testing are needed in other populations of patients with alcoholism or liver disease.
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PMID:Specificity of antibody tests for human immunodeficiency virus in alcohol and parenteral drug abusers with chronic liver disease. 306 17

Sera and CSF from 29 patients in early and late stages of HIV infection were analysed for intrathecal antibody production. Elevated CSF-IgG indices indicating intrathecal IgG synthesis were demonstrated in 9 patients while 4 of 18 patients tested had oligoclonal IgG bands in the CSF. Analysis of HIV-specific antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (whole antigen and site-directed ELISA) and calculation of "antibody indices" (CSF/serum antibody quotient divided by CSF/serum albumin quotient) indicated intrathecal HIV antibody synthesis in 19 patients. Analysis of serum and CSF antibodies by an imprint immunofixation (IIF) method showed intrathecal synthesis of predominantly polyclonal HIV-IgG antibodies in 11 of 13 patients examined. IIF analysis of antibodies to six other infectious agents showed no intrathecal antibody production except in one patient who had minor fractions of intrathecally synthesized IgG antibodies to varicella zoster virus. The present results demonstrate that an intrathecal HIV-specific antibody response may be present in both early and late stages of HIV infection, and indicates that HIV may reach the brain at an early stage of infection.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection of the brain. II. Detection of intrathecally synthesized antibodies by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and imprint immunofixation. 314 65

Levels of natural antibodies (NAb) with high anti-trinitrophenyl (TNP) activity are increased during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The aim of the present study was to examine the anti-HIV effect of natural anti-TNP antibodies, as well as that of their internal image, TNP antigen, on HIV infection in vitro. The results obtained with anti-TNP antibodies, as assessed by syncytia formation, were variable, although they demonstrated an inhibitory effect. In contrast, using RT activity assay plus evaluation of syncytia formation and the viral cytopathic effect, we found that bovine serum albumin (BSA) bearing different TNP groups was able to inhibit HIV infection of peripheral mononuclear cells and T4 cell lines without affecting cell metabolism or proliferation. BSA alone was devoid of activity; the antiviral effect depended on TNP substitution of the BSA molecule, and passage through an anti-TNP immunoadsorbent abolished this effect. The mechanism by which TNP exerts this antiviral effect is unclear. Antigenic epitopes may be shared by HIV and TNP, since monoclonal antibodies directed against various HIV proteins reacted with TNP in an enzyme immunoassay. TNP-BSA, however, did not bind to the CD4 receptor.
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PMID:Inhibition of in vitro HIV infection by trinitrophenyl-protein conjugates. 748 Oct 74

For diagnosis of HIV-1 infection, attempts were made to detect anti-HIV-1 IgG in urine by sensitive enzyme immunoassay (immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay) using recombinant reverse transcriptase (RT) and p17 as antigens. Anti-HIV-1 IgG in urine was reacted simultaneously with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin-recombinant protein conjugate and recombinant protein-enzyme conjugate. The enzymes used as labels were horseradish peroxidase for RT and Escherichia coli beta-D-galactosidase for p17. The complex formed, consisting of the three components, was trapped onto polystyrene balls coated with affinity-purified (anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl group) IgG, eluted with epsilon N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine and transferred to polystyrene balls coated with affinity-purified (anti-human IgG gamma-chain) IgG. Finally, bound enzyme activity was assayed by fluorometry. Urine samples were collected from 100 seronegative subjects and 70 seropositive subjects. The sensitivity and specificity were both 100% with unconcentrated urine samples. The positivity was confirmed by preincubation of urine samples with excess of the antigens. The positivity and negativity with one of the two antigens could be confirmed with the other antigen. The positivity with low signals could be confirmed by concentration of urine samples. Detection of anti-HIV-1 IgG in urine by the immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay using different antigens would make diagnosis of HIV-1 infection possible.
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PMID:Detection of antibody IgG to HIV-1 in urine by sensitive enzyme immunoassay (immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay) using recombinant proteins as antigens for diagnosis of HIV-1 infection. 750 5

This study was performed in 77 HIV1 seropositive adult patients to characterise the IgA hyperglobulinaemia seen in the serum during the course of HIV infection. It was shown that both IgA1 and IgA2 subclass concentrations were simultaneously increased but the IgA1 increase was predominant. Secretory IgA (SIgA) concentration was significantly increased and IgA activity to gliadin, bovine serum albumin, and casein could be detected and was correlated with SIgA concentration. In contrast, IgA activity to cytomegalovirus and to tetanus toxoid did not correlate with total IgA concentration. These data suggest the presence of IgA from gut mucosal origin in the serum of these patients. Hyper IgA was inversely correlated with the CD4+ cell number. The increase of all parameters studied varied according to the total IgA concentration in the serum but was also directly related to the stage of immune deficiency in patients with hyper IgA.
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PMID:Is there IgA of gut mucosal origin in the serum of HIV1 infected patients? 751 78


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