Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recombinant human migration inhibitory factor (MIF), isolated through functional expression cloning in COS-1 cells, up-regulates expression of genes encoding HLA-DR and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) and elaboration of IL-1 beta by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Administration of soluble bovine serum albumin or human immunodeficiency virus 120-kDa glycoprotein (HIV gp120) to mice in the presence of recombinant MIF together with incomplete Freund's adjuvant induced a strong T-cell proliferative response comparable to that of complete Freund's adjuvant. Recombinant MIF also increased antibody production, especially of IgG1 and IgM, in mice. Taken together, these results indicate that recombinant MIF may be useful as an adjuvant in the development of vaccines.
 ...
PMID:Recombinant human migration inhibitory factor has adjuvant activity. 901 81

Monocytes express cell surface receptors for extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins of basement membranes. These receptors are engaged during extravasation of cells through capillary endothelium into tissue. The number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected monocytes that adhered to ECM over 2 h was threefold higher than that of uninfected control cells. This difference was ECM specific and was not observed with a bovine serum albumin substrate. Enhanced adhesion to ECM was evident in monocytes by 4 days after HIV infection and increased through 10 days. Monocytes exposed to a T cell-tropic HIV strain that binds to but does not replicate in monocytes showed no changes in adherence to ECM. Thus, productive infection of monocytes by HIV induces a significant increase in the capacity of these cells to interact with ECM. Enhanced adhesion of HIV-infected monocytes to ECM was associated with increased spreading: at 12 h, sixfold more HIV-infected monocytes were spread on ECM than were uninfected control cells. Cell processes of HIV-infected monocytes formed a complex network on ECM: many of these cells expressed HIV proteins as detected by indirect immunofluorescence. HIV-associated cytopathic effects and levels of virion-associated reverse transcriptase activity depended on the substrate to which monocytes were attached. Virus replication and cytopathic effects in monocytes adhered to ECM, fibronectin, or plastic alone were comparable. In contrast, HIV-infected monocytes attached to laminin showed a significant increase in virus replication and in extent of cytopathic effects through 2 weeks after infection. The lowest levels of HIV replication and cytopathic effects were in monocytes attached to collagen IV. Interactions between monocytes and ECM profoundly affect the manner in which these cells control HIV infection: HIV infection changes the capacity of infected monocytes to attach and spread on ECM; attachment to ECM alters the extent of virus replication in infected cells.
 ...
PMID:Interactions between HIV-infected monocytes and the extracellular matrix: increased capacity of HIV-infected monocytes to adhere to and spread on extracellular matrix associated with changes in extent of virus replication and cytopathic effects in infected cells. 164 Jan 76

Quinolinic acid is an "excitotoxic" metabolite and an agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) who were neurologically normal or exhibited only equivocal and subclinical signs of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex, concentrations of quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were increased twofold in patients in the early stages of disease (Walter Reed stages 1 and 2) and averaged 3.8 times above normal in later-stage patients (Walter Reed stages 4 through 6). However, in patients with either clinically overt AIDS dementia complex, aseptic meningitis, opportunistic infections, or neoplasms, CSF levels were elevated over 20-fold and generally paralleled the severity of cognitive and motor dysfunction. CSF concentrations of quinolinic acid were significantly correlated to the severity of the neuropsychological deficits. After treatment of AIDS dementia complex with zidovudine and treatment of the opportunistic infections with specific antimicrobial therapies, CSF levels of quinolinic acid decreased in parallel with clinical neurological improvement. By analysis of the relationship between levels of quinolinic acid in the CSF and serum and integrity of the blood-brain barrier, as measured by the CSF:serum albumin ratio, it appears that CSF levels of quinolinic acid may be derived predominantly from intracerebral sources and perhaps from the serum. While quinolinic acid may be another "marker" of host- and virus-mediated events in the brain, the established excitotoxic effects of quinolinic acid and the magnitude of the increases in CSF levels of the acid raise the possibility that quinolinic acid plays a direct role in the pathogenesis of brain dysfunction associated with HIV-1 infection.
 ...
PMID:Quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in HIV-1 infection: relationship to clinical and neurological status. 182 18

In rural Haiti we measured and compared the muscle protein and calorie reserves (anthropometrics) as well as the visceral protein reserves (serum albumin, tuberculin sensitivity) in 56 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus type-1) seropositive and 108 HIV seronegative pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Results in patients were also compared to the results of the same measurements made in 160 age, sex and residence matched HIV seronegative controls without tuberculosis. Tuberculosis patients, regardless of HIV status, had significantly reduced muscle protein and calorie reserves compared to controls. The serum albumin was significantly lower in HIV seropositive tuberculosis patients (21.0 g/l) compared to HIV seronegative tuberculosis patients (26.9 g/l) and the serum albumin in both tuberculosis groups was significantly lower than in controls (41.3 g/l). The lower the serum albumin in the tuberculosis patients the greater the likelihood of a negative tuberculin test. HIV seropositive tuberculosis patients were significantly more likely to be tuberculin negative than HIV seronegative tuberculosis patients. Tuberculosis is associated with significant malnutrition. Worse malnutrition in tuberculosis patients co-infected with HIV suggests that the effect of the two pathogens on nutrition is additive or, alternatively, that tuberculosis patients who are particularly malnourished are at increased risk for HIV.
 ...
PMID:Pulmonary tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and malnutrition. 190 8

A simple method by which a soluble form of human CD4 (sT4) is chemically coupled to various carriers using a bifunctional reagent is described. The cross-linking of sT4 and carriers is accomplished with sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC) which creates a covalent bond between free NH2 and SH groups. If necessary, SH groups are introduced at the surface of the carriers using 2-iminothiolane. The method is simple, fast and efficient, and creates a thioether (S--C) bond which cannot be cleaved and thus gives stability to the construct in vivo. As an example of the applicability of this approach, sT4 was coupled to human serum albumin, a monoclonal antibody, and red blood cells. We show that for all of the sT4 conjugates, the cross-linking procedure conserved the sT4 reactivity for the gp120 and anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies. Additionally, the sT4-Ig conjugate retained the binding specificity of the Ig portion and the cross-linking of sT4 to RBC proved to be very efficient and homogeneous. Altogether, this procedure allows the construction of chimeric molecules that cannot be obtained by genetic engineering and this may present many useful applications in the preparation of CD4-based anti-HIV drugs which could be rapidly constructed and screened.
 ...
PMID:Construction of CD4-based chimeric molecules by chemical cross-linking. 193 Dec 31

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is frequently used in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients (HIV+) for treatment or prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Up to 80% of those patients report adverse reactions to that drug combination. To test the hypothesis that these reactions are immunologically mediated, we quantitated specific IgG and IgE SMX-human serum albumin (HSA) antibodies and immune complexes (IC) in HIV+ patients and in HIV controls. Patients with mild HIV disease had elevated specific SMX-HSA IgG and IC levels compared with those having severe disease or with controls. Conversely, patients with severe HIV disease had statistically elevated levels of specific IgE when compared with patients having milder disease or with controls. There were no differences in either specific antibody or IC levels between patients reporting adverse reactions and those who did not. Results suggest that there are increased levels of SMX-HSA-specific antibodies in some HIV+ patients. The presence of these antibodies appears to be related to severity of disease, rather than clinically significant drug sensitivity.
 ...
PMID:Evaluation of immune parameters in HIV+ subjects reporting adverse reactions to sulfamethoxazole. 193 83

The transmembrane glycoprotein (gp41 or TM) of HIV-1 contains limited sequence similarity to TM of some immunosuppressive animal retroviruses. A specific HIV-1 TM sequence, denoted CS3, inhibits T-cell activation in vitro and antibody specific to CS3 has been linked to the absence of disease. CS3, when conjugated to human serum albumin (HSA) and labeled with fluorescein, binds specifically to CD4+ cell lines. Cross-linking of CS3-HSA to its binding activity on the CD4+ cell line RH9 reveals a putative subunit size of approximately 44 kD. Incubation of RH9 cells with CS3-HSA prior to addition of HIV-1 prevented HIV-1-mediated cell lysis and inhibited infection. These results suggest that the CS3 region of TM plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the AIDS virus, HIV-1.
 ...
PMID:Characterization of a putative cellular receptor for HIV-1 transmembrane glycoprotein using synthetic peptides. 197 67

Aerosolized pentamidine has gained acceptance as a form of treatment for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. However, different studies have used different delivery systems, making comparison of results difficult. This study was designed to determine the dose to the lung, regional distribution, extrapulmonary deposition, and side effects using four different delivery systems: the Respirgard II, the Aero Tech II, the Portasonic, and the Fisoneb. Ten homosexual subjects who were infected with HIV virus were studied. Particle size, as determined by cascade impaction, varied among nebulizers. Mass median aerodynamic diameter was 0.90 mu for the Respirgard II, 1.30 mu for the Aero Tech II, 1.40 mu for the Portasonic, and 3.90 mu for the Fisoneb. Subjects inhaled a solution containing 60 mg pentamidine in 3 ml of sterile water, and 1 ml of 99mTc bound to human serum albumin for each nebulizer system. Regional distribution was determined by comparing each deposition scan obtained by a posteriorly positioned gamma camera to the subjects' equilibrium xeon scan. The deposition scan was used to quantitate lung dose and extrapulmonary deposition. Marked differences were seen among delivery systems. Dose to the lung varied fivefold. The deposition in the lung, expressed as a percentage of the amount placed in the nebulizer, was 5.3 percent in the Respirgard II, 15.7 percent in the Aero Tech II, 17.30 percent in the Portasonic, and 26.4 percent in the Fisoneb (p less than 0.0001 by ANOVA). Wide differences in extrapulmonary deposition and side effects were noted among nebulizers (Fisoneb greater than Portasonic, Aero Tech II greater than Respirgard II). Regional distribution in the lung as measured by the AI, also showed differences, with the Respirgard having the most homogeneous distribution of aerosol (Respirgard greater than Portasonic, Aero Tech greater than Fisoneb). Regional distribution and extrapulmonary deposition varied in a manner consistent with the particle size of the nebulizers. These data should provide a framework for the comparison and design of future clinical studies using these delivery systems.
 ...
PMID:Delivered dose and regional distribution of aerosolized pentamidine using different delivery systems. 201 69

sHLA are soluble class I antigens produced by lymphocytes on early activation. We have studied the sHLA index IH = (CSF sHLA/serum sHLA)/(CSF albumin/serum albumin), which reflects the intrathecal synthesis (ITS) of sHLA in 23 intravenous drug abusers with central nervous system (CNS) HIV infection. Their mean IH value was increased and directly correlated with ITS of IgG against HIV when the total group of patients was studied; however, 8 of them, who suffered from concomitant tuberculous meningitis, had a decreased IH. The relationship between this index, blood-brain barrier (BBB) function, and HIV and tuberculous infection was also studied. We consider IH an index of lymphocyte activation within the CNS. Its decrease in patients with CNS HIV infection may reflect the presence of a meningeal opportunistic infection due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
 ...
PMID:Intrathecal synthesis of soluble class I antigens (sHLA) in patients with HIV infection and tuberculous meningitis. 208 32

A sensitive flow-cytometric method was established to quantify the number of complement receptor 1 (CR1, C3b/C4b receptor, CD35) on the surface of purified erythrocytes of 12 patients infected by HIV-1 and showing two clinical AIDS-related complex/Walter-Reed 5 criteria. Erythrocytes were incubated with biotinylated monoclonal anti-CR1 antibody followed by phycoerythrin-streptavidin before analysis on a flow cytometer. As few as 50 binding sites/cell could be detected, making this method as sensitive as a radioimmunoassay with 125I anti-CR1. Seven of the patients studied received an immunoglobulin preparation suitable for intravenous use during the 6 months of the study, 5 got an equal amount of placebo preparation consisting of human serum albumin. For a year, erythrocytes were collected and purified every 3 months, frozen and stored at -70 degrees C until the end of the study, when the number of CR1 was determined. No difference between the two groups of patients was found. In 8 patients, small fluctuations of the amount of CR1/erythrocyte were seen during the period of observation, whereas in 4 of the patients a drop of the number of CR1 was observed towards the end of the study. No correlation was found between CR1 numbers on erythrocytes and circulating immune complexes, CH50, C3 and C4 concentrations or CD4-positive lymphocytes.
 ...
PMID:Quantification of complement receptor 1 on erythrocytes: follow-up of HIV-1-infected patients with AIDS-related complex/Walter-Reed 5 under treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin. The ARC-IVIG Study Group. 214 12


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>