Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study examined the pattern of neuropsychologic abnormalities in three groups of subjects: 20 patients diagnosed with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); 14 patients diagnosed with AIDS Related Complex (ARC); and 13 seronegative controls. Subjects with past history of chronic substance abuse, neurologic disease, or focal findings on MRI or CT were excluded. All subjects were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Results revealed a pattern of preserved attention and concentration, language skills, and most visuospatial construction abilities in the presence of more notable deficits in nonverbal memory and speeded psychomotor tasks. Practical implications for the early detection of HIV-1 related cognitive dysfunction are addressed.
 ...
PMID:Neuropsychological performance in HIV-1 immunocompromised patients: a preliminary report. 280 63

Eight patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) presented complications affecting the nervous system. The complaints were headache, seizure, confusion or hallucination. Neurologic manifestations included meningitis, focal deficits, cranial nerve palsy, and dementia. Cerebrospinal fluid exhibited a decrease in the percentage of T helper lymphocytes with an inverted helper-to-suppressor cell ratio. The neurologic manifestations of AIDS may depend on multiple factors, such as HIV infection of the central nervous system, concomitant infections with other agents or meningeal invasion by systemic lymphoma or Kaposi's sarcoma. Many patients develop a diffuse encephalopathy which characteristically begins with impaired concentration and mild memory loss, and progresses to severe global cognitive impairment and dementia. Perivascular infiltrates and scattered microglial nodules, consisting of aggregates of microglia and astrocytes, are the most common findings in these patients.
 ...
PMID:[Neurologic complications accompanying acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): study of a group of 8 cases]. 295 8

In 1985 the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences devoted its annual meeting to an exploration of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The questions raised at the meeting propelled the IOM/NAS to initiate an assessment of the dimensions of the AIDS epidemic and to propose an appropriate national response. The Committee on a National Strategy for AIDS issued its report, "Confronting AIDS: Directions for Public Health, Health Care, and Research," in October 1986. The report detailed strategies for curbing the spread of infection, and for accelerating biomedical and social science research into the causes and possible cures for AIDS. In March 1987, the IOM/NAS established the AIDS Activities Oversight Committee to monitor and assess the nation's progress against AIDS and to coordinate the Academy's growing program of AIDS-related activities. Studies, conferences, and workshops are planned in the areas of drug and vaccine development, modeling the course of the epidemic, research in the behavioral and social sciences, equitable financing of care, pediatric AIDS, early cognitive impairment in HIV infection, IV drug abuse, and other topics.
 ...
PMID:The Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences: formulating AIDS policy. 313 20

Prior to the onset of immunodeficiency disease, neurochemical and neuropathological events associated with motor and/or cognitive impairment can be identified in rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). These are astrocytosis, up-regulation of mRNA encoding the neuropeptide somatostatin (SRIF) and an increased expression of MHC Class II antigen. End-stage immunodeficiency disease has been associated with robust viral expression in the CNS frequently observed as multinucleated giant cell formation. SIV encephalitis has not been observed in animals whose only clinical signs of SIV disease were motor and/or cognitive impairment. These data suggest that neuronal dysfunction discernable as altered neuropeptide expression in cortical neurons precedes frank structural damage to the CNS in SIV encephalopathy. This model is consistent with the mechanism of neuropathogenesis in human HIV encephalopathy that can be partially inferred from neurochemical and neuropathological examination of autopsy material in HIV disease.
 ...
PMID:Neuronal substrates for SIV encephalopathy. 787 94

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) p24 antigen, a putative marker of virus load, was assayed in 79 blood and 83 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 90 HIV-1-seropositive individuals with or without dementia. Twenty-eight subjects had no evidence of neuropsychological impairment, 17 had mild impairment without objective evidence of dementia, and 45 were demented. HIV-1 p24 antigen was detected more frequently in CSF samples from demented (19/40) than normal (1/26) or mildly impaired (1/17) subjects and in 67% of individuals with significant dementia (MSK stages 2-4). p24 Antigen was detected less frequently in CSF from demented subjects on antiretroviral drugs than untreated demented individuals. Overall, the sensitivity of the antigen capture assay in CSF among demented individuals was 47.5%; the specificity, 95.0%; positive predictive value, 90.4%; negative predictive value, 66.1%; and the efficiency, 72.2%. A direct relationship was also noted between the degree of cognitive impairment and blood p24 antigen detection frequency and antigen concentration. CD4+ blood lymphocyte counts were lower for demented individuals, and HIV-1 p24 antigen was detected more frequently and p24 antigen concentration was higher in blood and CSF from individuals with low CD4+ blood lymphocyte counts. beta 2-Microglobulin levels were higher in CSF from demented subjects and correlated directly with CSF p24 antigen concentration. However, in contrast to CD4+ blood lymphocyte counts and beta 2-microglobulin levels, only p24 antigen concentration correlated with dementia severity. Therefore, p24 antigen can be a useful marker for dementia related to HIV-1 infection.
 ...
PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) p24 antigen levels in HIV-1-related dementia. 791 18

A case of homosexual erotomania is described in a patient with AIDS-related complex. Direct involvement of the central nervous system was thought an unlikely cause, as specific stressors appeared to have precipitated a reactive psychosis. A psychodynamic understanding of these factors and their interaction with the patient's masochism, fetishism, and personality disorder provided an alternative explanation for the onset of the paranoid illness and its symptom content. The psychodynamic aspects of acute psychotic disorders without evidence of cognitive impairment in patients with HIV infection is a neglected area of study.
 ...
PMID:Homosexual erotomania and HIV infection. 795 97

The authors describe the first case in literature of Gerstmann's syndrome (agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia) occurred in HIV correlated encephalopathy developed as the first severe manifestation of HIV infection in a patient with prevalent white matter neuroradiologic alterations. The PDL rapidly extended from the left subcortical parietal-occipital regions to the pre-rolandic one, with subsequent involvement of the corpus calosum splenium and the bilateral temporal lobes white matter. The authors indicate the extent of the lesions and the involvement of the interhemispheric connection fibres as the pathogenetic mechanism of the "Gerstmann syndrome", that until today has not been reported in the literature of the wide variety of AIDS dementia complex. The administration of 1 g of zidovudine for about 9 months did not avoid the establishing of the neurologic damage, but the sudden suspension of the drug could have enhanced the exacerbation of inflammation and the involvement of areas whose lesion is classically believed responsible for cognitive impairment.
 ...
PMID:An unusual neurological feature of HIV-1 encephalopathy: Gerstmann's syndrome. 799 59

We obtained data from 111 gay men who entered a longitudinal study of the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) without clinical evidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and examined them regularly over a 36-month period. Using a Cox proportional-hazard regression model to compare cumulative risk of mortality in subjects with and without cognitive impairment and several putative risk factors present at baseline, we found that the mortality risk ratio (RR) associated with poor neuropsychologic test performance was significantly increased (RR = 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 7.8), and increased further (RR = 4.1; 95% CI, 1.3 to 12.5) when adjusted for other factors associated with mortality (a history of a disturbance in movement or gait, CD4-lymphocyte and red blood-cell counts, and age). A significant increase in symptoms related to cognitive impairment and gait, a decline in neuropsychologic test performance, and declines in CD4-lymphocyte and red-cell counts occurred over the study period. A second model was constructed to adjust for changes in CD4-lymphocyte and red-cell counts, age, medical stage, and motor symptoms over the study period, but the mortality RR for poor neuropsychologic test performance at baseline changed very little (RR = 4.7; 95% CI, 1.5 to 14.9). We conclude that the presence of cognitive impairment, manifest by poor neuropsychologic test performance in both asymptomatic and symptomatic gay men with HIV infection, is associated with a significantly increased risk of death. This effect progresses in parallel with the immunologic and systemic effects of HIV.
 ...
PMID:Mortality risks in gay men with human immunodeficiency virus infection and cognitive impairment. 809 9

This study explores the relationship of immune dysfunction to the neuropsychological performance of individuals infected with HIV-1. Fifty-five HIV-positive homosexual men and 37 negative homosexual controls were evaluated using neuropsychological measures, physical exams, and measures of immune functioning. There were no significant differences favoring HIV-negative subjects over HIV-positive subjects. HIV-positive subjects, in fact, performed slightly better on attention and memory procedures. The HIV-positive subjects were then stratified according to the Centers for Disease Control symptom groupings (Group II, asymptomatic, n = 19; Group III, lymphadenopathy, n = 17; and Group IVA or C-2, symptomatic, non-AIDS, (n = 19). There were no significant neuropsychological differences among the three CDC groups. The HIV-positive subjects were also stratified on two measures of immune functioning: absolute CD4 counts (< 200, 201-400, > 400) and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M) (> or = 5.0, 3.0-5.0, < 3.0). Individuals with greater immune compromise, as measured by beta 2M, were more impaired on measures of attention and memory and had greater overall neuropsychological impairment (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 57% of the subjects who were abnormal on beta 2M were also impaired on measures of attention and memory, whereas only 14% of those with normal beta 2M were impaired on these same measures (p < 0.05). These results suggest that HIV-positive asymptomatics without evidence of immune compromise do not appear to be at greater risk of cognitive impairment than HIV-negative controls. However, for those HIV-positive individuals who are immune-compromised (even while asymptomatic), there is increased risk of neuropsychological impairment. These results also suggest that knowledge of serostatus and the use of the CDC classification system alone are insufficient in exploring the development of neuropsychiatric changes in HIV-1 infection.
 ...
PMID:Immune function and neuropsychological performance in HIV-1-infected homosexual men. 809 51

To evaluate cognitive impairment in the early stages of HIV infection in intravenous drug users (IVDUs) we have studied 39 consecutive HIV-infected subjects (CDC stage II-III) whose only known risk factor for the infection was intravenous heroin addiction. The control group was represented by 30 seronegative IVDUs. All subjects were tested with an extensive neuropsychological battery assessing general intellectual abilities and single cognitive functions. The patients differed from controls only for tests of attention and visual-motor abilities: 20% of asymptomatic seronegative and PGL patients showed alterations in two or more cognitive tests, as opposed to 3% of controls (p < 0.001). Our findings suggest that cognitive deficits seem to be present in a substantial percentage of IVDUs with asymptomatic HIV infection. Cognitive damage at this stage seems to selectively involve attention and visual-motor abilities, sparing general intellectual performances.
 ...
PMID:Cognitive behavior in asymptomatic (CDC stage II and III) HIV--seropositive intravenous drug users (IVDUs). 812 64


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>