Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An attempt is made to characterize the population of homeless street youth who are living marginally and to describe aspects of this population's dynamics, motivations, values, and aspirations. Street youth, ranging in age from birth to 21, are on the street for one reason or another--dire poverty in the home, which necessitates their working on the street to supplement the family income, because they have been rejected by parents or guardians, because they have left home due to violence in the home, drug or alcohol use by family members, or because of lack of a place where they feel they can be "themselves." These conditions make street youths particularly vulnerable to HIV infection, not to mention malnutrition, stress, and drug use. Their violently accelerated emotional maturation, ignorance, alcohol- and drug-induced confusion, together with the exploitation and sexual abuse of which they are often victims, are additional factors that contribute to sexual practices that may lead to HIV infection.
 ...
PMID:Street youth and AIDS. 138 67

Thirty-two (18%) of 181 children cared for at our institution who were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were first seen, and HIV was diagnosed, when they were 4 years of age and older. Initial complaints or diagnoses for these children included the following: hematologic disorders (5) (3 idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 1 neutropenia, 1 anemia); recurrent bacterial infections (10); Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (3); developmental delay (1); skin disorders (2) (1 genital wart, 1 chronic zoster); weight loss (3); malignancy (1); and nephropathy (1). Eight children were referred for evaluation because of maternal HIV-1 infection. The risk factors for HIV-1 infection included maternal/perinatal exposure (22), perinatal blood transfusion (6), blood transfusion during infancy (2), and sexual abuse (2). Ten (31%) of the 32 children have subsequently died. The longest survival from perinatal infection was 12 years. HIV-1 infection in children can result in a prolonged clinical latency and can masquerade as other pathologic conditions. The absence of clinical symptoms in older children at risk for HIV-1 infection should not deter HIV testing.
 ...
PMID:Delayed recognition of human immunodeficiency virus infection in preadolescent children. 140 40

AIDS has consolidated the isolated state of prostitutes and stigmatized them as HIV carriers. Due to the threat of AIDS, the Berlin senate has worked out a programme for prostitutes. For the programme to succeed, knowledge of the causes of prostitution is a prerequisite, such as sexual abuse during childhood and adolescence. The sexually abused who have gone without psychological help are prone to prostitution. The work and its evaluation by a psychologist is presented to help counselling Services on Venereal Diseases in their work.
 ...
PMID:[Prostitution--a sequela of sexual abuse]. 145 May 42

The natural history of HIV infection in perinatally-infected children is still poorly defined; more information about disease progression is needed for the design of clinical and therapeutic trials. According to the most recent reports, vertically-acquired infection seems to follow two different modes of progression, with the majority of patients expressing early signs of severe disease, whereas a subgroup of mildly affected infants has a longer survival, comparable to that previously reported for adults: the long term prognosis of this last patient group remains unknown. Current estimates of incubation periods in children are based on limited data, largely drawn from ill patients: hence subjects with a short incubation time are more likely to be observed. A case is described of a child born in 1982 to an asymptomatic intravenous drug abuser mother. HIV infection was detected in both mother and son only in 1984, but other risk factors for HIV infection of the infant (i.e. blood transfusions, sexual abuse) were excluded. The child had an uneventful neonatal period and childhood, with normal growth and development; up to now, at the age of 9 years 6 months, no clinical signs and symptoms possibly related to HIV infection became evident. Laboratory examinations showed only slight immunologic abnormalities (class P-1 B, CDC), such as increased serum immunoglobulin levels, reduction of CD4+/CD8+ ratio with no relevant decrease of absolute CD4+ lymphocyte count (1100/mm3); HIV-p24Ag and virus isolation were always negative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Long-term asymptomatic incubation in vertical HIV infection. Description of a case and review of the literature]. 146 90

As part of a population-based malaria surveillance program in late 1990, surveillance agents took blood samples from 979 people who had had a fever within the last 2 weeks and from 4044 healthy people during regular house-to-house visits in rural northern Natal/KwaZulu, South Africa, to determine HIV seroprevalence and risk factors of HIV infection. 60 (1.2%) people were HIV-1 seropositive. No one had HIV-2 infection. Febrile people had a 30% higher sex-adjusted relative risk (RR) of HIV-1 infection than healthy individuals, but this increase was insignificant. Women were at greater risk of HIV-1 infection than men (1.6% vs. 0.4%; age-adjusted RR = 3.8). In fact, this risk still existed when the researchers controlled for fever (RR = 3.75) and migrancy (RR = 3.2). The fall in the RR for women from 3.8 to 3.2 when controlled for migrancy suggested an underrepresentation of migrant male workers in the study sample. 2.3% of the women in their childbearing years (15-44) were HIV-1 seropositive, indicating an increased likelihood of transmission of HIV-1 to newborns. The youngest person afflicted with HIV-1 was a 12-year-old female and the oldest was a 66-year-old woman. No 10-to-19-year-old males tested HIV-1 positive, while 1.7% of the 10-to-19-year-old females did, suggesting that the young females had sex with older men. This may have indicated teenage prostitution and sexual abuse. 2.9% of the people who changed their place of residence within the last year (migrancy) had HIV-1 infection. For women it was linked to a 2.4 times higher RR (age-adjusted) of HIV-1 infection. For men, the age-adjusted RR was even greater (7.3). Even though HIV-1 seroprevalence was about 45% greater in areas crossed by the main national road than it was in other areas (1.3% vs. 0.9%), the difference was not significant. Since migrants were a key source of HIV-1 infection, improvement in social conditions, allowing families to live together and to settle in their communities, may reduce HIV-1 transmission.
 ...
PMID:Seroprevalence of HIV infection in rural South Africa. 149 37

The incidence of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in young adults and the typical incubation period for AIDS suggest that exposure to this disease often occurs in adolescence, a period of life during which risk taking behavior is particularly common. The population of adolescents with mental or behavioral problems and substance abuse problems at the South Dakota Human Services Center were studied by questionnaire and by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening to assess the current prevalence of seropositivity and the potential for HIV transmission in these troubled youths. Sexual behavior, number of partners, prior incarceration, history of sexual abuse, drug and alcohol use, and knowledge about HIV transmission were examined. While no cases of HIV seropositivity were discovered, the authors are disturbed by the prevalence of known and suspected correlate behaviors and historical traits for HIV infection in this population. Implications for intervention and education are discussed.
 ...
PMID:HIV associated risk factors: a survey of a troubled adolescent population. 157 69

The sexually transmitted disease surveillance system instituted at the Child Abuse and Neglect (CAN) clinic of the Transvaal Memorial Institute for Child Health and Development was evaluated after 1 year. The presenting complaint of the vast majority of the 227 patients was sexual abuse. In more than half (52%), child abuse was medically proven, and it was highly suspected in another 18%. In only 6% did no abuse take place. About half the patients suffered non-penetrative sexual abuse, 40% penetrative abuse and 10% suffered non-sexual abuse. Smears for gonorrhoea were positive in 2 out of 152 patients; for Chlamydia in 1 out of 140; for Gardnerella and Trichomonas in 2 and 1 case, respectively. Syphilis serology yielded 3 positive results out of 162, and hepatitis B, 6 out of 143. No positive results were found in tests for HIV and herpes. With the exception of hepatitis B tests, all positive results occurred in children considered on clinical grounds to have medically proven or highly suspected sexual abuse. These results will allow modification of the surveillance system and testing of those children more likely to test positive, while doing fewer tests overall.
 ...
PMID:Sexually transmitted disease surveillance in a child abuse clinic. 173 30

This paper describes adaptational and survival strategies of homeless youths as observed from pilot research started in 1982 in the western US and 1988 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Strong correlation was found between both survival strategies and the AIDS pandemic, and the life styles of youths in the 2 regions. The 1982 ethnographic study on homeless youths was conducted over a 2-year period in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Seattle. Interviews and participant observations were conducted with a group of 250 males and females aged 15-19, with contact maintained with 27. Interviews were conducted with 100 "kept" youths aged 16-19, and a pilot study of HIV infection in teens was undertaken in 1986. This latter study lasted over 4 months, and tested and interviewed 19 and 31 sexually active males and females, respectively, of which 11 were homeless. Finally, 103 street youths were studies in Rio in 1988. The youths expressed an urgent need to secure personal and immediate survival, with money seen as central to providing for this security. Many therefore sold goods, used clothing, panhandled dealt drugs, stole, and provided sex in return for money. Kept youths were often ensconced within the world of pornography and organized prostitution, and virtually invisible to most health care professionals; 28 of 52 interviewed who spoke about sex did not use condoms. Significant incidents of HIV exist in these communities, with 10.5% of youths in Covenant House New York in 1988 and 68.6% of males aged 11-23 prostituting in downtown Rio being HIV+. Moreover, these youths face physical violence and sexual abuse from family members, police, drug dealers and addicts, mentally disturbed and homeless adults, service providers, tourists, and peers. Without families, jobs, and education. they suffer low self-esteem, and therefore have additional psychological reasons for high-risk sexual activity beyond basic economic necessity Strong commonalities exist between these and the estimated 100 million street youths worldwide; social inequality and familial disruptions are common to all countries. The Society for Adolescent Medicine, UNICEF, PAHO, and WHO address the problems of these youths. The authors call for immediate and massive preventive action at national and international levels, including but not limited to the development of large-scale long term housing, and an informational exchange network supportive of collaborative research initiatives.
 ...
PMID:Street youth: adaptation and survival in the AIDS decade. 177 87

In this article, we present data obtained with the psychosocial interview instrument, HEADSS (Home, Education, Activities, Drug use and abuse, Sexual behavior, Suicidality and depression) that was administered to High Risk Youth Clinic clients at their initial visits during a 1-year period. Of the 1,015 new patients, 63% were homeless/runaway youths and 37% were living with their families. Utilizing the HEADSS interview instrument, we compared homeless/runaway youths to nonhomeless youths in a number of areas, including risks for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Our results showed that homeless teens tended to be younger, female, and white compared to their nonhomeless counterparts. They were more likely to have dropped out of school and were far more likely to be depressed and actively suicidal. They demonstrated all forms of drug abuse. They engaged in first sexual intercourse at an earlier age, and experienced a higher incidence of sexual abuse and prostitution. They were 6 times more likely to be at risk for HIV infection.
 ...
PMID:HEADSS, a psychosocial risk assessment instrument: implications for designing effective intervention programs for runaway youth. 177 92

Family planning (FP) services were integrated into 13 drug treatment programs in July 1989 in Philadelphia providing services to 1250 women a year on birth control methods, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), HIV risk assessment, and pregnancy testing. Among 599 female drug treatment clients aged 16-56 baseline interviews were conducted followed up by interviews 9 months and 15 months later. 58% were black, 37% white, and 5% Asian. 58% had a high school education. 14% were married, and 36% were divorced, separated, or widowed. 81% already had 1 child. 25% had injected heroin and 16% cocaine in the previous 4 weeks. 76% of sexually active women had not used condoms. FP clients made 3139 visits in the course of 24 months for counseling and medical purposes. 6 focus groups with 30 men and 35 women aged 16-60 were conducted 12 months after the integration of services. Most were aware about the availability of FP services: 61% of 958 women received STD advice, 67% of 258 women at 4 sites were screened for gonorrhea and 40% for syphilis. 76% of 599 women stated that their last pregnancy had been unintended. Most thought that contraceptives caused weight gain, headache, water retention, mood swings, blood clots, bleeding, or cancer. Among the sample of 599 women 15% had used the condom, 55 had used the pill, 7% had used the sponge, the IUD, or others, 38% had not used any method in the preceding 4 weeks. 42% of 873 of sexually active women receiving FP counseling planned to use the condom. 27% of drug treatment clients had been sterilized. Most women did not use the condom or other contraceptives in order to preserve their relationships. Many had experienced violence, incest, sexual abuse, and rape. In an all-male focus group all had been either victims or committed sexual violence. Both staff and clients liked the integration of drug treatment and FP.
 ...
PMID:Barriers to family planning services among patients in drug treatment programs. 178 7


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>