Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is steadily increasing. Immunosuppressed individuals are at particular risk. In AIDS patients a clinical diagnosis of PCNSL is made in 0.5 to 8.4%, and a post mortem diagnosis in up to 11% of cases. In spite of the extensive HIV epidemic in parts of Africa, a literature search revealed only one African report of this condition. The reasons for this apparent infrequency are not clear. Possibilities include under diagnosis or early demise of patients due to other AIDS related illnesses of earlier onset. Three patients with primary cerebral lymphoma from Zimbabwe are presented. All were young, with tumours of high grade showing typical features.
 ...
PMID:Primary cerebral lymphoma in Zimbabwe: a report of three patients. 963 Nov

Primary non-Hodgkin's CNS lymphoma is rare, constituting 0.3-1.5% of all intracranial neoplasms in patients without AIDS. In the past 10 years the incidence has tripled in this population. The role of surgery is commonly limited to obtaining adequate tissue for diagnosis. This has precluded the evaluation of total surgical resection for a surgically accessible solitary lesion. We have encountered a 36-year-old healthy white male with primary CNS lymphoma who is HIV-negative and who has survived over five years disease free after total surgical resection of his lymphoma.
 ...
PMID:Solitary primary CNS lymphoma: long term survival following total resection. 964 33

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. The precise histogenetic derivation and the molecular pathogenesis of PCNSL is poorly understood. In an attempt to clarify the histogenesis and pathogenesis of these lymphomas, 49 PCNSL (26 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]-related and 23 AIDS-unrelated) were analyzed for multiple biologic markers, which are known to bear histogenetic and pathogenetic significance for mature B-cell neoplasms. PCNSL associated frequently (50.0%) with mutations of BCL-6 5' noncoding regions, which are regarded as a marker of B-cell transition through the germinal center (GC). Expression of BCL-6 protein, which is restricted to GC B cells throughout physiologic B-cell maturation, was detected in 100% AIDS-unrelated PCNSL and in 56.2% AIDS-related cases. Notably, among AIDS-related PCNSL, expression of BCL-6 was mutually exclusive with expression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein (LMP)-1 and, with few exceptions, also of BCL-2. All but one PCNSL expressed hMSH2, which among mature B cells selectively stains GC B cells. These data suggest that PCNSL may be frequently related to GC B cells and may be segregated into two major biologic categories based on the expression pattern of BCL-6, LMP-1, and BCL-2. BCL-6(+)/LMP-1(-)/BCL-2(-) PCNSL occur both in the presence and in the absence of HIV infection and consistently display a large noncleaved cell morphology. Conversely, BCL-6(-)/LMP-1(+)/BCL-2(+) PCNSL are restricted to HIV-infected hosts and are represented by lymphomas with immunoblastic features. These data are relevant for the pathogenesis and histogenesis of PCNSL and may be helpful to segregate distinct biologic and prognostic categories of these lymphomas.
 ...
PMID:The molecular and phenotypic profile of primary central nervous system lymphoma identifies distinct categories of the disease and is consistent with histogenetic derivation from germinal center-related B cells. 968 Mar 71

The mortality and morbidity burden of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is increasing within the human immunodeficiency virus- (HIV-) infected population. Recent improvements in HIV management has meant overall reductions in deaths, especially those due to opportunistic infections, and while the outcome of HIV-related NHL may now be somewhat less grim, the incidence remains high and outcome poor. The median survival of those with HIV-related NHL is only approximately 7 months, although those with high CD4 lymphocyte counts seem to do somewhat better. Improved management of the underlying HIV infection, more effective infusional chemotherapy regimens, moderately effective second line regimens, and new investigational approaches all offer promising hope that improvements will soon be seen for the treatment of HIV-related systemic NHL. Immunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies, and adoptive immunotherapy targeting Epstein Barr virus (EBV) all represent novel experimental treatment approaches that are becoming possible based on our increased understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV-related lymphoma. Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) in HIV patients has declined in incidence and there now is a rapid, less invasive diagnostic test. The presence of EBV DNA in the cerebral spinal fluid of HIV patients with focal brain lesions strongly suggests a diagnosis of PCNSL. Unfortunately, this disease remains difficult to treat in such an immunocompromised patient population. Further work is needed in order to prevent and effectively manage these diseases.
 ...
PMID:Advances and future challenges in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 980 Jan 12

In addition to the brain parenchyma and the leptomeninges, primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) can involve the posterior parts of the eye with ocular lymphoma in up to 20% of patients and lead to systemic dissemination of lymphoma in 7-8% of patients. Ocular lymphoma is diagnosed by slit lamp examination and requires treatment by ocular irradiation. However, the clinical significance of systemic dissemination, which occurs mainly in the end stage of the disease, appears to be disputable. Extensive systemic staging at the time of initial presentation proved to be unrewarding in the vast majority of studies. So far, only 10 patients have been reported with occult systemic lymphoma at time of initial presentation, and systemic lymphoma determined the course of the disease in none of them. Thus, initial staging procedures for patients with biopsy-confirmed PCNSL can be restricted to regular blood tests, including HIV testing, and slit lamp examination of the eye.
 ...
PMID:Primary CNS lymphoma: findings outside the brain. 1056 27

Malignant glioma is the most common primary brain neoplasm, but generally it is not included in the differential diagnosis of enhancing lesions of the central nervous system (CNS) in patients suffering from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. We report a case of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in a 29-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Primary CNS lymphoma was suspected, making a definitive histological diagnosis crucial. An initial stereotactic biopsy sample was insufficient to establish a diagnosis and a second biopsy of the lesion was obtained. The histopathological investigation confirmed GBM and adjuvant external radiation treatment was given to the patient, who survived for 4 months after the initial biopsy. A decline in the rate of Toxoplasma infection and the changing diseases observed in HIV infection indicate the importance of obtaining a biopsy in cases of CNS mass lesions.
 ...
PMID:Glioblastoma multiforme in a case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: investigation a possible oncogenic influence of human immunodeficiency virus on glial cells. Case report and review of the literature. 1088 27

Worldwide, 30 million people are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with almost 6 million new infections in 1997. Recent therapeutic advances, which have altered the natural history of HIV infection, and changes in the AIDS case definition, both complicate evaluations of temporal changes in AIDS incidence and prevalence, and lesson the utility of AIDS incidence as a proxy for monitoring the HIV epidemic. The highest AIDS incidence rates in the United States are in black men. Rates are increasing most quickly in women, minorities, and adolescents and young adults, largely due to heterosexual transmission and intravenous drug abuse. Survival after diagnosis of AIDS is associated most strongly with the initial AIDS-defining diagnosis, and patients with neurologic opportunistic infections or primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma have shorter survival periods. Neurological illnesses are the initial manifestation of AIDS in 7% to 20% of patients, but the frequency of neurologic complications increases over the course of the illness. The most common AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses are HIV encephalopathy, CNS toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus retinitis, and primary CNS lymphoma. Primary prevention of HIV infection is accomplished by changing factors that enable transmission, through behavioral changes, utilization of antiretroviral agents to prevent vertical transmission, and through securing the safety of the blood supply. Secondary prevention, involving early detection and prompt treatment, has become important in developed countries since the introduction of powerful antiretroviral therapies and has contributed to the 46% decline in AIDS deaths in the United States from 1996 to 1997. Inequality of access to effective therapies and emergence of multi-drug-resistant strains of HIV have raised serious concerns.
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection and associated neurologic illness. 1071 32

Central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma is a common complication of patients with HIV infection occurring in as many as 20% of patients with AIDS. This article reviews current observations on primary CNS lymphoma and systemic AIDS-related lymphoma with CNS involvement. Clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, clinical course, and therapeutic options are herein reviewed.
 ...
PMID:Lymphoma of the central nervous system in AIDS. 1071 42

About one third of patients with HIV infection show neurological complications with considerable morbidity and high mortality. This is an actualized review of the most important neurological manifestations resulting from primary HIV infection, from secondary opportunistic infections, or as complications of antiretroviral therapy. The primary neurological manifestations, including HIV-associated dementia complex, myelopathies, peripheral neuropathies and myopathies, the more common opportunistic infections, primary central nervous system lymphoma and cerebrovascular diseases, are discussed in the light of new evidence in diagnosis, therapy and prognosis. Cognitive and psychiatric symptoms, visual changes, headache, seizures, dizziness, involuntary movements, gait disturbances, cranial neuropathies and focal deficits are the common neurological symptoms in HIV infection which are described under the aspect of differential diagnosis. It is important to bear in mind that nearly all information available to date on this subject concerns HIV patients in the period before combination therapies (including protease inhibitors). The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with protease inhibitors in 1995, and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, have opened up new therapeutic modalities with a new emphasis on earlier detection and treatment of neurological complications. The prognosis of different HIV-associated neurological diseases has considerably improved, as recently shown in the case, for example, of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy.
 ...
PMID:[Neurological complications of HIV infection. Review: new diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic aspects]. 1081 41

Primary CNS lymphoma, which has a strong association with Epstein-Barr virus, was increasing in incidence in patients with AIDS before the introduction and widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy. The diagnostic strategies for primary CNS lymphoma, including contrast-enhanced CT or MRI and brain biopsy, are well established. The use of a combination of diagnostic tools to reduce the need for brain biopsy is currently being evaluated. The clinical outcome with current treatments for primary CNS lymphoma in HIV-infected persons remains relatively discouraging.
 ...
PMID:AIDS-related primary CNS lymphoma: a brief review. 1096 10


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>