Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Squamous-cell carcinoma of the anus is an uncommon but treatable gastrointestinal malignancy. Radiation, in addition to chemotherapy, is widely accepted as the standard of care for treatment in most patients. However, significant anal complications, such as stricture, fistula, and ulceration, may result from radiation therapy. Some medical therapies have been used for radiation proctopathy, but treatments for radiation-induced anal injury other than surgical diversion are unknown. Vitamin A has been shown in laboratory studies to facilitate wound healing and prevent radiation-induced gastrointestinal damage. However, it has not been used clinically in patients with radiation enteritis, proctopathy, or anal ulceration. We report a case of a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection who developed a symptomatic anal ulcer after receiving high-dose radiotherapy for anal squamous-cell carcinoma. We prescribed 8,000 IU of oral vitamin A twice daily and within seven weeks his anorectal symptoms and anal ulcer completely resolved. Vitamin A seems to be very effective in the treatment of radiation-induced anorectal damage, with little toxicity and expense.
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PMID:Oral vitamin a therapy for a patient with a severely symptomatic postradiation anal ulceration: report of a case. 1279 47

Anal canal cancer rate is relatively high among HIV-positive patients, particularly in homosexual men, where it is twice that of HIV-negative homosexual men. As for uterine cervix cancer, it is possible that anal canal cancer is linked to human papillomaviruses (HPV): in fact, its oncogenic serotypes are found in 60% of tumours. Most of anal mucosa in HIV-positive patients is infected by HPV. It causes Anal Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (ASTI): low grade and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, which can probably progress to invasive anal cancer. In the anal mucosa, HPV induces clinically flat condylomata. They generally are invisible and revealed only by acetic acid application. Sixty percent of seropositive gay men and 26% of seropositive women have anal ASTI. This rate is higher than in the general population. A decreasing of systemic and local immunity and so probable interactions between HPV and HIV could explain the frequency of anal ASTI among seropositive patients. Introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy does not really influence the evolution of anal dysplasia. Screening of preneoplastic lesion is possible with anal Pap smear, and when it is positive, patients must undergo high resolution anuscopy. Cost effectiveness analyses indicate that only the highest risk group (HIV-positive gay men) should have anal screening. Only high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions have to he systematically treated, low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions could he simply followed up. The best treatment of anal dysplasia is surgical excision, with careful follow-up, because of high recurrence rate among seropositive patients.
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PMID:[Preneoplastic anal lesions and anal canal carcinoma]. 1285 Jul 63

Although not yet included in the Centers for Disease Control definition of AIDS, anal cancer clearly occurs more commonly in HIV-infected patients. An effective screening program for those groups who are at highest risk might be expected to impact rates of anal cancer just as significantly as did cervical Pap screening programs for the incidence of cervical cancer. Despite a relatively low rate of progression from AIN to invasive cancer, the scope of the problem is enormous based on the prevalence of anal HPV infection and the size of the HIV-infected, at-risk population. Thus, the potential benefits of screening, detection, and the development of more effective therapy also are enormous. Currently, therapeutic HPV vaccines for AIN represent an exciting avenue of research in HPV-related anogenital disease. Invasive anal cancer and HSIL (which is believed to be the precursor lesion) are expected to become increasingly important health problems for both HIV-infected men and women as their life expectancy lengthens. Although HAART may have improved the ability of many to tolerate CMT, it appears that toxicity of this therapy continues to be a problem for a proportion of HIV-infected subjects. The acute side effects present specific challenges to the clinician and patient, have an immediate impact on the patient's plan of care and dose intensity of the treatment, and ultimately may impact the outcome of the planned treatment. Late toxicity may influence the long-term quality of life. Small patient numbers, variable radiation therapy doses, limited information about viral load, and a potential confounding effect of higher CD4+ levels make it difficult to draw any conclusions about the effect of HAART on anal cancer outcome. Large, prospective studies will be required before solid conclusions about the impact of various factors on anal cancer prognosis and outcome can be drawn.
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PMID:Anal cancer: an HIV-associated cancer. 1285 59

Since the advent of HAART, the natural history of HIV disease has been changing, with decreased risk of life-threatening opportunistic infections and prolonged survival. Concurrently, a variety of non-AIDS-defining cancers have been reported with increased incidence in HIV-infected adults, including anal cancer, Hodgkin's disease, head and neck cancer, testicular cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, basal cell cancer, squamous cell cancer of the skin, and melanoma. It appears that these tumors may have a more aggressive clinical course in HIV-infected people. Available data, however, suggest that antitumor response and survival in HIV-infected people with malignancy are improved in people with higher CD4 counts. The possible mechanisms for the increased incidence and altered clinical course of these malignancies in HIV-infected people remain unclear.
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PMID:Non-AIDS-defining cancer in HIV-infected people. 1285 61

During the past 30 years, there has been remarkable progress in our understanding of the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. It is now accepted that anal cancer is a sexually transmitted disease, which can be cured using a combination of chemo- and radiotherapy. The biology of anal cancer remains to be elucidated, as do the molecular mechanisms involved in resistance to chemoradiation. The contribution of HIV infection to tumour progression currently represents an area of intensive investigation. Finally, the growing numbers of AIDS patients who experience prolonged survival represent a population at risk. In the future, cytological screening of male homosexuals with an anal Papanicolaou test may help in identifying high-grade dysplasia and preventing anal cancer.
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PMID:Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus: another sexually transmitted disease. 1294 31

Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) is a potential precursor of invasive anal carcinoma. Introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the treatment of HIV infection substantially reduced the incidence of some diseases associated with opportunistic viral infections. However, the incidence of AIN is reported to increase and HAART seems to have only little impact on the regression or progression of AIN. Paradoxically, improvement of survival in the HAART era results in an increased risk of anal cancer. The incidence of anal carcinoma amongst homosexual men is substantially higher compared to the normal population (35/100.000). This incidence is similar to the incidence of cervical cancer before screening for CIN with cervical cytology. Recent data suggest that the incidence of AIN and anal cancer is even higher among HIV-infected individuals. Both cancer entities share biologic similarities, including the association with human papillomavirus infection (HPV). Screening for CIN with cervical cytology and early treatment has resulted in a significant decline in the incidence of cervical carcinoma. Like cervical cancer, anal carcinoma may be preventable through identification and treatment of its precursors. Future efforts should focus on a screening protocol, training of clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of AIN and anal carcinoma, and novel approaches to treatment of these lesions. This screening protocol could help to reduce anal cancer in HIV-infection as well as save limited resources in health care system.
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PMID:[Screening and therapy of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) and anal carcinoma in patients with HIV-infection]. 1450 48

Anal cancer is an uncommon tumour that represents 4% of all cancers of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis and treatment have undergone substantial reassessment over the past two decades, and this is likely to continue. Anal cancer can be cured by synchronous chemoradiotherapy, a treatment that both enables anal continence to be retained and reserves abdominoperineal resection of the rectum and anal canal (with formation of a permanent colostomy) for recurrent or residual disease after primary chemoradiotherapy. Overall, survival from anal cancer is now around 70-80% at 5 years. Future challenges will be influenced by an increasing incidence due to human papillomavirus and HIV infection, more accurate characterisation and treatment of early (in situ) disease, and optimisation of chemoradiation regimens.
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PMID:Cancer of the anal canal. 1500 97

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections play an important role in the pathogenesis of anogenital cancer and its precursors. HIV-infected individuals exhibit a high prevalence of HPV DNA. Several studies have further shown that HIV-infected individuals have an increased prevalence of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) of the cervix, vulva and anus. The incidence of invasive cervical cancer is also elevated in HIV-positive women as well as that of anal cancer in HIV-positive women and men. Given the relationship between HIV-induced immunosuppression and HPV-associated disease, treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has the potential, through immune reconstitution of the host, to alter the natural history of HPV infection and SIL. However, data on the impact of HAART on HPV disease are sparse and mixed results have been reported.
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PMID:The impact of HIV antiviral therapy on human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and HPV-related diseases. 1504 May 32

HIV-associated immunosuppression has been linked to an increased risk of a number of cancers, including Kaposi sarcoma (KS), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and invasive cervical cancer. Because prison inmates constitute one of the highest HIV/AIDS prevalent populations in the US, understanding the link between HIV infection and cancer in the correctional setting holds particular public health relevance. The study population consisted of 336,668 Texas Department of Criminal Justice inmates who were incarcerated, for any duration, between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2001. Inmates diagnosed with HIV infection exhibited elevated rates of KS, NHL, anal cancer, and Hodgkin's disease, after adjusting for age and race. The elevated rates of cancer among HIV-infected individuals, particularly prison inmates, may be mediated, in part, by high-risk behaviours. HIV-associated risk behaviours, including unsafe sexual practices, injection drug use, and prostitution may be associated with cancer-related risk behaviours, such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and poor diet. It will be important for future investigators to examine the association between HIV infection and cancer risk with sufficiently large study cohorts and appropriate longitudinal designs.
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PMID:The association of neoplasms and HIV infection in the correctional setting. 1511 7

The anatomic definitions for anal cancer (canal versus margin) are made based on the relationship of the tumor to the anal verge. This method had led to confusion for some providers. A modification in the terminology is proposed that includes intra-anal, perianal, and skin as categories. The cause of anal carcinoma remains to be fully elucidated, and HPV seems to play a central role in this process. The incidence of anal cancers has increased, which is related to the evolution of HIV and AIDS, and their treatment. The accurate pathologic analysis of anal tumors is complex and is significantly aided by close communication between clinician and pathologist.
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PMID:The etiology and epidemiology of anal cancer. 1513 56


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