Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An estimated two million new adult and pediatric HIV infections occurred worldwide during 1992, more than 50% of them in sub-Saharan Africa, 25% in Asia, and one-eighth in Latin America and the Caribbean. The remaining infections occurred in Europe, North America, and the industrialized countries of the Pacific Rim. Transmission by sexual intercourse and from an infected woman to her fetus/child remain major routes of transmission. The World Health Organization estimates that there will be a cumulative total of 30-40 million people infected with HIV by the year 2000. Over time, increasing numbers of people already infected with HIV and soon to be infected will develop AIDS and require higher levels of care. Obstacles to increasing access to cost-effective drugs for HIV/AIDS in developing countries, however, include weak drug distribution systems, the improper prescribing of available drugs by health workers, and the improper use of these drugs by patients who have not been appropriately educated by prescribing health workers. Currency shortages and lack of political will underlie these obstacles. This paper considers cost-effective prophylaxis and treatment of HIV-related infections including tuberculosis, candidiasis, penicilliosis, combined chemoprophylaxis, pruritus and diarrhea with wasting, and HIV infection. The prevention of HIV transmission is discussed under headings on heterosexual and perinatal transmission, followed by a discussion on increasing access to cost-effective drugs.
 ...
PMID:Treatment, prophylaxis and research priorities for developing countries. 836 92

Tuberculosis (TB) is the most important opportunistic disease complicating HIV-1 infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Since the discovery of HIV-2, speculation has existed over how aggressively it leads to debilitating illness and the nature of its association with TB. If HIV-2 is associated with AIDS, one could expect TB to be a consequence of HIV-2 infection. Work in Cote d'Ivoire has shown an increased prevalence of HIV-2 infection in ambulatory TB patients. To gain insight into this potential association, the clinical, features of TB patients infected with HIV-1, HIV-2, and both are compared with those of seronegative persons. A total of 4504 new adult patients with tuberculosis were screened during 1989-90 for antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Abidjan's tuberculosis treatment centers. 30.2% of the sample tested seropositive for HIV-1, 4.2% for HIV-2, and 9.3% to both. Individuals testing seropositive to either or both viruses had a significantly higher frequency compared with seronegatives of AIDS - related features like wasting, chronic diarrhea, oral candidiasis, and generalized lymphadenopathy. These findings definitely support earlier work demonstrating an association between HIV-2 infection and tuberculosis. It should be noted, however, that since the wasting and fever signs and symptoms of TB may mimic those of AIDS and that it is extremely difficult to distinguish between HIV+ and HIV- TB in Africa, blood testing for HIV is ultimately needed. Accordingly, HIV testing should be made widely available for the clinical care of TB patients in Africa as well as for epidemiological surveillance.
 ...
PMID:A comparison of clinical features in tuberculosis associated with infection with human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2. 838 70

Survival analysis was performed for AIDS cases diagnosed in Washington state from 1982 through 1989 and reported through October 31, 1991. No difference in survival time among diagnosis years 1987, 1988, and 1989 (p = 0.29) was found. Since September 1987, survival time was longest for cases with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) wasting syndrome and HIV encephalopathy. Adjusted risk for death was significantly lower for these cases relative to all other cases (relative risk, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.4-0.6). Explanations for the absence of continuing increase in survival time between 1987 and 1989 include changes in the frequency and timing of anti-HIV therapy. Longer survival time among cases diagnosed with HIV wasting or HIV encephalopathy is likely due to diagnosis earlier in the course of HIV disease. These results emphasize how changes over time in the definition of AIDS and evolving therapeutic standards may affect assessment of survival time when using surveillance data.
 ...
PMID:Survival after AIDS diagnosis in Washington State: trends through 1989 and effect of the case definition change of 1987. 841 Jun 72

Abnormalities of thyroid hormone levels have been reported in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), but there has been debate as to whether they are appropriate for the clinical status of the patients. Inappropriate maintenance of circulating 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) levels could contribute to weight loss. Although many patients with AIDS have a history of wasting, recent data indicate that prolonged periods of stable weight occur in AIDS and that short-term weight loss is present in a subset of patients with anorexia, many of whom have active secondary infection (AIDS-SI). Therefore we analyzed thyroid hormone levels in a cohort of subjects that have been characterized in terms of recent weight loss and caloric intake. Asymptomatic patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV+) had short-term stable weights, normal caloric intake, and normal serum T3 levels. In AIDS, average short-term weight was stable, caloric intake was normal, and T3 levels were decreased by 19%. In AIDS-SI, both short-term weight loss and anorexia were significant, and this group showed a 45% decrease in T3 levels. The free T3 (FT3) index was decreased by 30% in AIDS and by 50% in AIDS-SI. Free thyroxine (FT4) levels were decreased while thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) capacity was increased in HIV+ and AIDS; TBG sialylation was unchanged. Thyrotropin (TSH) levels were slightly increased in AIDS, although levels remained within the normal range. 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) levels were decreased in HIV+, AIDS, and AIDS-SI. Thus asymptomatic patients with HIV infection whose weight is stable maintain normal T3 levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Indices of thyroid function and weight loss in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 841 39

Resting energy expenditure (REE) and body composition were investigated in 60 clinically stable patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection varying with respect to immune impairment. REEs differed significantly from predicted values (> or < 10% of the Harris-Benedict [HB] equation) in 40% of patients. Seven percent of patients showed markedly increased REE (> +20% of HB prediction), whereas REE was decreased in 13% (< -10%). Increased REE was found during all clinical stages of the disease (Walter Reed [WR] 2 through 6) and was not strictly associated with the degree of immune impairment, presence of diarrhea or Kaposi's sarcoma, nutritional state, or anamnestic wasting. Twenty-seven patients were evaluated for a mean period of 319 days; 11 lost more than 5% of their initial body weight during the observation period. Weight-losing patients were normometabolic before but showed a significantly increased REE (+7% of predicted values or +8% when compared with previous measurements) during weight loss. The degree of deviation from estimated REE was strongly associated with the degree of weight loss. We summarize that increased REE is not a constant feature of HIV infection. It is not associated with clinical and laboratory parameters of immune deficiency, but may occur during weight loss. Thus increased REE represents an inadequate adaptation to malnutrition and contributes to wasting.
 ...
PMID:Resting energy expenditure and weight loss in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. 841 72

We measured de novo lipogenesis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected men using a newly developed stable isotope method. HIV-infected subjects with a history of weight loss (n = 17, mean weight loss 14.9 +/- 3.2 kg), asymptomatic HIV-seropositive subjects with normal CD4 T-cell counts (n = 7) and healthy HIV seronegative controls (n = 11) were studied. Hepatic lipogenesis was determined by infusion of [2-13C]-acetate, using the recently described xenobiotic probe technique with mass isotopomer analysis. Hepatic acetyl-coenzyme A enrichment was measured by high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of secreted sulfamethoxazole-acetate, with measurement of incorporation into very low density lipoprotein-fatty acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interferon alpha (IFN alpha), insulin, and triglycerides were measured concurrently, and 7-day weighed food records were performed. De novo hepatic lipogenesis was increased 3- to 4-fold in HIV-infected subjects with weight loss compared to normal controls (P < 0.05 for palmitate and stearate in both overnight-fasted and fed states), and was also significantly increased in asymptomatic HIV seropositive subjects. Circulating TNF and IL-1 were not measurable in any subject (detection limit 2 pg/ml for IL-1 and 20 pg/ml for TNF). Serum IFN alpha was measurable in 11 out of 17 subjects with wasting and correlated significantly with de novo lipogenesis in overnight-fasted but not fed states. Serum IFN alpha was unmeasurable in asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects despite elevated lipogenic rates. Serum triglyceride concentrations were elevated in subjects with weight loss (2.09 +/- 0.28 mmol/L) and asymptomatic HIV-positives (1.34 +/- 0.34 mmol/L) in comparison to controls (0.67 +/- 0.08 mmol/L), and correlated with lipogenesis. Food intake correlated inversely with lipogenesis in the overnight-fasted state. We conclude that HIV infection is characterized by abnormal fat anabolism. This applies to subjects with reduced lean body mass and to asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects with normal T-cell counts. The former observation may have implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of the wasting syndrome. The latter observation is consistent with activation of the immune response and a state of viral nonlatency in early HIV disease.
 ...
PMID:Increased de novo hepatic lipogenesis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. 844 11

Excessive weight loss due to protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) is a significant problem in Nigerian children. This syndrome may be difficult to differentiate from the wasting disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. We studied 70 children admitted to the Baptist Medical Center in Ogbomosho, Nigeria in 1990 with PCM for prevalence of antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2. The cohort was from low-risk mothers and had a median age of 25 months (range, 4 months-9 years) with a weight deficit of at least 20% of the theoretical weight for age. Two sera were positive for anti-HIV-1 by both ELISA and Western blot (WB). A high prevalence of samples negative for HIV-1 antibody by ELISA were repeatedly reactive (11%, 8/70) or indeterminate (46%, 32/70) by WB. None of the sera was positive for antibody to HIV-2. There was no correlation of ELISA positivity or extent of WB banding with successful recovery from malnutrition. These results indicate a relatively low but significant prevalence of HIV-1 infection in Nigerian children with PCM. The high prevalence of indeterminate reactions in WB assays for HIV-1 suggests that other procedures may be necessary for confirmatory diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in this African population.
 ...
PMID:Seroprevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection among children diagnosed with protein-calorie malnutrition in Nigeria. 847 80

Transfusion microbiology must minimize the risks of transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) in a cost-effective and efficient manner. The wide range of transmissible microbial agents exhibits different relative risks in different circumstances; therefore, the same safety rules are not always applicable. TTIs can also exist as asymptomatic diseases in their hosts, so donors must be screened for high-risk behavior. Then blood must be screened by detecting antibodies to infectious agents. Since antibody reactivity is difficult to confirm, and cross-reactive or nonspecific effects are possible, a reactive sample can be tested by a range of assays, each based on a different immunoassay principle, or by a supplementary assay. Despite the advanced nature of these tests, problems of indeterminate donors remain, and a compromise must be made between the sensitivity and specificity of screening assays; maximum sensitivity protects transfusion recipients, but specificity prevents wasting blood or making false reports about donor health. An ideal screening assay would have maximum sensitivity, optimal specificity, simplicity, objectivity, standard format, rapid processing time, safety of reagents, and economy. Assay users must chose the best combination of available characteristics for their particular situation. For example, a French study found that 30% of seronegative, but HIV-infectious, donors are anti-HBc positive; this test would be too specific, however, in a country where hepatitis B is common. Combined assays are being used to screen for anti-HIV-1 and -2 and anti-human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I and -II; this should save time and money. Screening donors selectively (for example, Latin American migrants to North America for Trypanosoma cruzi) may protect previously unexposed populations. In some countries, transmission of HIV via seronegative blood is a problem, and HIV antigen screening and confirmation of reactivity by neutralization should occur as soon as reagents become less expensive. As test methodology continues to move through rapid developmental "generations," the development of sensitive techniques to detect nucleic acids holds promise. Several problems will remain to be solved including cost cross-contamination and carry-over in automated sampling systems, and operational and clerical errors. While there are methods to inactivate viruses in plasma pools, inactivation must incur a minimal loss of biological activity. All of these challenges are exacerbated in developing countries by a lack of resources. As physicians become knowledgeable about when to use transfusion and when to use an alternative method, such as blood salvage, refusing transfusion will be more risky than contracting a TTI.
 ...
PMID:Challenges in transfusion microbiology. 848 4

Intestinal function is poorly defined in patients with HIV infection. Absorptive capacity and intestinal permeability were assessed using 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, D-xylose, L-rhamnose, and lactulose in 88 HIV infected patients and the findings were correlated with the degree of immunosuppression (CD4 counts), diarrhoea, wasting, intestinal pathogen status, and histomorphometric analysis of jejunal biopsy samples. Malabsorption of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose and D-xylose was prevalent in all groups of patients with AIDS but not in asymptomatic, well patients with HIV. Malabsorption correlated significantly (r = 0.34-0.56, p < 0.005) with the degree of immune suppression and with body mass index. Increased intestinal permeability was found in all subgroups of patients. The changes in absorption-permeability were of comparable severity to those found in patients with untreated coeliac disease. Jejunal histology, however, showed only mild changes in the villus height/crypt depth ratio as compared with subtotal villus atrophy in coeliac disease. Malabsorption and increased intestinal permeability are common in AIDS patients. Malabsorption, which has nutritional implications, relates more to immune suppression than jejunal morphological changes.
 ...
PMID:Intestinal absorptive capacity, intestinal permeability and jejunal histology in HIV and their relation to diarrhoea. 854 36

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a cytokine produced during the host defense against infection, is associated with fevers, weakness, and progressive weight loss. Thalidomide inhibits the synthesis of TNF-alpha both in vitro and in vivo and may have clinical usefulness. We therefore initiated a pilot study of thalidomide treatment in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-associated wasting with or without concomitant infection with tuberculosis. Thirty-nine patients were randomly allocated to treatment with either thalidomide or placebo in a double-blind manner for 21 days. Thirty-two patients completed the study. In patients with concomitant HIV-1 and tuberculosis infections, thalidomide therapy was associated with a reduction in both plasma TNF-alpha levels and HIV-1 levels. No significant reduction in either TNF-alpha or HIV- 1 levels was observed in patients with HIV-1 infection only. During the study period, patients receiving thalidomide treatment (n=16) showed a significant weight gain (mean +/- SEM: 6.5 +/- 1.2%; p<0.02) relative to placebo-treated patients (n=16). Patients with simultaneous HIV-1 and tuberculosis infections experienced a higher mean weight gain during thalidomide treatment than the group of patients with HIV-1 infection only. The results of this pilot study suggest that thalidomide may have a clinical role in enhancing weight gain and possibly reducing TNF-alpha and HIV-1 levels in patients with HIV-1 and concomitant mycobacterial infections.
 ...
PMID:The effect of thalidomide on the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and M. tuberculosis infection. 860 61


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>