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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the past 30 years, there has been remarkable progress in our understanding of the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. It is now accepted that anal cancer is a sexually transmitted disease, which can be cured using a combination of chemo- and radiotherapy. The biology of anal cancer remains to be elucidated, as do the molecular mechanisms involved in resistance to chemoradiation. The contribution of HIV infection to tumour progression currently represents an area of intensive investigation. Finally, the growing numbers of AIDS patients who experience prolonged survival represent a population at risk. In the future, cytological screening of male homosexuals with an anal Papanicolaou test may help in identifying high-grade dysplasia and preventing anal cancer.
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PMID:Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus: another sexually transmitted disease. 1294 31

Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) is a potential precursor of invasive anal carcinoma. Introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the treatment of HIV infection substantially reduced the incidence of some diseases associated with opportunistic viral infections. However, the incidence of AIN is reported to increase and HAART seems to have only little impact on the regression or progression of AIN. Paradoxically, improvement of survival in the HAART era results in an increased risk of anal cancer. The incidence of anal carcinoma amongst homosexual men is substantially higher compared to the normal population (35/100.000). This incidence is similar to the incidence of cervical cancer before screening for CIN with cervical cytology. Recent data suggest that the incidence of AIN and anal cancer is even higher among HIV-infected individuals. Both cancer entities share biologic similarities, including the association with human papillomavirus infection (HPV). Screening for CIN with cervical cytology and early treatment has resulted in a significant decline in the incidence of cervical carcinoma. Like cervical cancer, anal carcinoma may be preventable through identification and treatment of its precursors. Future efforts should focus on a screening protocol, training of clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of AIN and anal carcinoma, and novel approaches to treatment of these lesions. This screening protocol could help to reduce anal cancer in HIV-infection as well as save limited resources in health care system.
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PMID:[Screening and therapy of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) and anal carcinoma in patients with HIV-infection]. 1450 48

Anal cancer is an uncommon tumour that represents 4% of all cancers of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis and treatment have undergone substantial reassessment over the past two decades, and this is likely to continue. Anal cancer can be cured by synchronous chemoradiotherapy, a treatment that both enables anal continence to be retained and reserves abdominoperineal resection of the rectum and anal canal (with formation of a permanent colostomy) for recurrent or residual disease after primary chemoradiotherapy. Overall, survival from anal cancer is now around 70-80% at 5 years. Future challenges will be influenced by an increasing incidence due to human papillomavirus and HIV infection, more accurate characterisation and treatment of early (in situ) disease, and optimisation of chemoradiation regimens.
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PMID:Cancer of the anal canal. 1500 97

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections play an important role in the pathogenesis of anogenital cancer and its precursors. HIV-infected individuals exhibit a high prevalence of HPV DNA. Several studies have further shown that HIV-infected individuals have an increased prevalence of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) of the cervix, vulva and anus. The incidence of invasive cervical cancer is also elevated in HIV-positive women as well as that of anal cancer in HIV-positive women and men. Given the relationship between HIV-induced immunosuppression and HPV-associated disease, treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has the potential, through immune reconstitution of the host, to alter the natural history of HPV infection and SIL. However, data on the impact of HAART on HPV disease are sparse and mixed results have been reported.
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PMID:The impact of HIV antiviral therapy on human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and HPV-related diseases. 1504 May 32

HIV-associated immunosuppression has been linked to an increased risk of a number of cancers, including Kaposi sarcoma (KS), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and invasive cervical cancer. Because prison inmates constitute one of the highest HIV/AIDS prevalent populations in the US, understanding the link between HIV infection and cancer in the correctional setting holds particular public health relevance. The study population consisted of 336,668 Texas Department of Criminal Justice inmates who were incarcerated, for any duration, between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2001. Inmates diagnosed with HIV infection exhibited elevated rates of KS, NHL, anal cancer, and Hodgkin's disease, after adjusting for age and race. The elevated rates of cancer among HIV-infected individuals, particularly prison inmates, may be mediated, in part, by high-risk behaviours. HIV-associated risk behaviours, including unsafe sexual practices, injection drug use, and prostitution may be associated with cancer-related risk behaviours, such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and poor diet. It will be important for future investigators to examine the association between HIV infection and cancer risk with sufficiently large study cohorts and appropriate longitudinal designs.
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PMID:The association of neoplasms and HIV infection in the correctional setting. 1511 7

The anatomic definitions for anal cancer (canal versus margin) are made based on the relationship of the tumor to the anal verge. This method had led to confusion for some providers. A modification in the terminology is proposed that includes intra-anal, perianal, and skin as categories. The cause of anal carcinoma remains to be fully elucidated, and HPV seems to play a central role in this process. The incidence of anal cancers has increased, which is related to the evolution of HIV and AIDS, and their treatment. The accurate pathologic analysis of anal tumors is complex and is significantly aided by close communication between clinician and pathologist.
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PMID:The etiology and epidemiology of anal cancer. 1513 56

Anal cancer is an increasing problem among HIV-infected persons. Although patients are living longer and with better quality of life because of treatment with HAART, they remain at risk for invasive anal cancer and its precursor, anal HSIL. Given the substantial numbers of patients with anal HSIL, further studies need to be done to determine the efficacy and optimal mode of treatment of HSIL, to define the optimal method for screening patients at risk, to define the best way to follow up patients with documented HSIL to ensure early detection, to define prognostic factors for progression to invasive cancer, and to determine the progression rate of HSIL to invasive cancer. Although patients with good functional status and immunologic function seem to do relatively well with standard CMT for anal cancer, there are less fortunate patients who experience substantial morbidity from therapy and have a poorer outcome. It is difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the therapy of HIV-positive patients with anal cancer based on the available literature because of the retrospective nature of the analyses, the small number of patients, and the heterogeneity of the patients reported with regard to tumor size, pretreatment immunologic status, and the variety of treatments received by patients in some series. Identifying patients who develop invasive anal cancer as early as possible will improve results to some degree, but prospective, controlled, multi-institutional trials evaluating the treatment of anal cancer in HIV-infected persons are required to accurately define ways to improve outcome with less morbidity. The results of ongoing therapeutic HPV vaccine trials are eagerly awaited. Improvement may come by the following, determining ways to more accurately stage patients, such as endoanal ultrasound, sentinel lymph node sampling, or positron emission tomography scans; defining the role of cisplatin and whether it is indeed less toxic and equally or more effective; consideration of continuous protracted infusion of low-dose 5-FU; the optimum use of growth factors; and an evaluation of the role of conformal radiotherapy or the use of radio-protectants, such as amifostine. Meanwhile, the best way to treat anal cancer in HIV-infected persons may be to prevent it from occurring by screening persons at risk and treating HSIL, or at a minimum, following up patients carefully and detecting cancers, if they occur, at the earliest possible time.
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PMID:Anal cancer and its precursors in HIV-positive patients: perspectives and management. 1513 62

Men who have sex with men often do not reveal their sexual practices or sexual orientation to their physician. Lack of disclosure from the patient, discomfort or inadequate training of the physician, perceived or real hostility from medical staff, and insufficient screening guidelines limit preventive care. Because of greater societal stresses, lack of emotional support, and practice of unsafe sex, men who have sex with men are at increased risk for sexually transmitted diseases (including human immunodeficiency virus infection), anal cancer, psychologic and behavioral disorders, drug abuse, and eating disorders. Recent trends indicate an increasing rate of sexual risk-taking among these men, particularly if they are young. Periodic screening should include a yearly health risk and physical assessment as well as a thorough sexual and psychologic history. The physician should ask questions about sexual orientation in a nonjudgmental manner; furthermore, confidentiality should be addressed and maintained. Office practices and staff should be similarly nonjudgmental, with confidentiality maintained. Targeted screening for sexually transmitted diseases, depression, substance abuse, and other disorders should be performed routinely. Screening guidelines, while inconsistent and subject to change, offer some useful suggestions for the care of men who have sex with men.
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PMID:Health care screening for men who have sex with men. 1592 5

Long-term cancer risks are uncertain in HIV-infected persons, particularly those using highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Timely, population-based surveillance of HIV-associated malignancies in the United States has been challenging because of various data inadequacies. Cancer registries represent a resource for this surveillance, if uncertainties around accurate differentiation of HIV-associated and unassociated cancers can be resolved. To inform the utility of cancer registry data for classifying and monitoring HIV-associated cancers, the completeness and quality of cancer registry-available information about patient HIV status was assessed. For all 10,126 non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs), 1497 Hodgkin lymphomas (HLs), and 895 anal cancers reported to the Greater San Francisco Bay Area registry during 1990-1998, 6 indicators of patient HIV status were retrieved from 2 cancer registry-available sources (cancer registry records, death records) and from linkage with the California AIDS registry. Cross-tabulations were used to examine the distributions of patients with evidence of positive HIV status by indicator and source. Together, 5 cancer registry-available HIV indicators identified 25% more presumed HIV-positive NHL patients and nearly 50% more HL and anal cancer patients than were detected by AIDS registry linkage. Eighty-three percent of NHL patients and at least half of HL and anal cancer patients were identified by multiple sources of HIV indicators, and most individual indicators agreed acceptably with others. However, optimal strategies for classifying HIV-associated patients differed by cancer site. At least in this region, cancer registry data represent a useful resource for monitoring HIV-associated lymphomas and anal cancer and may offer benefits over linkage-based means in the age of HAART.
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PMID:Population-based surveillance of HIV-associated cancers: utility of cancer registry data. 1524 62

During the past two decades, anal cancer has served as a paradigm for the successful application of chemoradiation to solid tumours; so far, it remains one of the few carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract which are curable without the need for definitive surgery. Since the original contribution by Nigro in 1974, surprisingly few changes have been made to the standard of care in chemotherapy, which still consists of a combination of 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C. However, many issues have yet to be clarified, such as the potential role of cisplatin as a substitute to mitomycin, as well as treatment-induced toxicity in HIV-positive patients. In this paper, the management of patients with anal cancer is presented, and new chemotherapeutic options are critically reviewed. Finally, the authors' opinion regarding currently unresolved issues in the treatment of these rare neoplasms is expressed.
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PMID:Chemotherapeutic options in the management of anal cancer. 1557 66


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