Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study was designed to assess gender differences in high-risk sex behaviors related to the transmission of HIV among injection drug users (IDUs) and crack smokers. Using a standard national survey instrument, 593 verified drug users were questioned about their sexual activities and drug use in the 30 day period prior to the interview. High-risk sex behaviors included nonuse of condoms, exchanging sex for drugs or money, sex with an IDU, and sex with more than one partner. Results showed that IDUs who engaged in needle risk practices were more likely report nonuse of condoms than IDUs who practiced safer needle use. African-American ethnicity was a more powerful determinant of exchanging sex than smoking crack cocaine. Sex with more than one partner in the previous 30 day was reported by 11% of married males and 15% of married females. Independently, marital status was found to be a marker for high-risk sex behaviors, in particular, sex with an IDU and nonuse of condoms, behaviors reported more often by married than unmarried respondents. Needle risk, more common among females than males, was associated with sex with an IDU. Approximately one-fourth of the injectors reporting sex with only non-IDUs also reported needle risk, sex with more than one partner, and nonuse of condoms. These findings show the dual threat drug injectors face for HIV infection, through sex and needle risk behaviors, and the pivotal role IDUs play in the heterosexual transmission of HIV to noninjectors.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1995 Nov
PMID:Gender differences in high-risk sex behaviours among heterosexual drug injectors and crack smokers. 856 Oct 95

The authors emphasize screening for prostate and testicular cancer, HIV, and drug/alcohol abuse. Factors such as firearm safety, violence in the home, smoking, and exercise are also discussed.
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PMID:Screening, health promotion, and prevention in men. 866 37

Our objective was to identify factors that might correlate with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease stage in intravenous drug abusers (IVDA). Particular attention was given to alcohol abuse. We accordingly explored in a cross-sectional study the relation between stage of HIV disease and age, sex, needle sharing, ethnicity, self-reported history of alcohol consumption and CAGE scores. IVDA from a single municipal hospital were subdivided into three groups according to HIV disease status. Group 1 comprised 42 individuals with AIDS; group 2 comprised 114 who were HIV positive but without AIDS; and group 3 comprised 52 who were HIV negative. Information on alcohol consumption and CAGE responses were obtained by questionnaire and interview. Discriminant analysis indicated that alcohol abuse, assessed either by self-reported consumption or by CAGE scores, was significantly more common in the AIDS group than in either the HIV positive or the HIV negative groups, when controlled for age, sex, and needle sharing status. The relative risk of AIDS was 3.8 times higher in the heavy drinkers than in moderate drinkers. Needle sharing was also more common in the AIDS group than in the HIV positive or HIV negative groups when the other factors were controlled for. AIDS was more common in black than white IVDA, and this increased frequency did not appear related to alcohol consumption since the distribution of heavy drinkers within each category of HIV disease did not differ within the ethnic groups. These data indicate that a history of heavy alcohol consumption is more common in IVDA with AIDS than in IVDA at earlier stages of HIV disease.
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PMID:Alcohol abuse and stage of HIV disease in intravenous drug abusers. 877 37

This report presents systematic clinical data regarding psychiatric diagnoses, personal and family psychiatric histories, and symptomatologic aspects of 90 consecutive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, of whom slightly less than two thirds were at risk due to intravenous drug abuse. In addition, a comparison was made between the distribution patterns of these variables at various stages of HIV illness and related at-risk behaviors. Eighty-four percent of the patients met criteria for a spectrum of DSM-III-R diagnoses (mostly affective) that were associated with high rates of affective and alcohol abuse disorders among first-degree relatives. Mood disorders did not differ significantly between the two main groups at risk (intravenous drug users [IVDUs] v others) by gender, age, or stage of illness. The overall data from the rating scales show high levels of psychic and somatic anxiety in the early stages of illness, whereas cognitive symptoms, retardation, and disorientation are dominant in later stages. A noteworthy finding in this study is that many depressed patients demonstrated current and/or past hypomanic, hyperthymic, or cyclothymic features with no evidence of brain damage detectable by computed axial tomography (CAT). These temperamental attributes, which preceded HIV infection, may have served as risk factors for both drug abuse and impulsive sexual behavior in all types of at-risk groups.
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PMID:Psychopathology in 90 consecutive human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive and acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients with mostly intravenous drug use history. 882 91

In a controlled prospective study we used peripheral autonomic surface potentials (PASP) and an autonomic test battery (valsalva, 30:15 ratio, deep breathing, sustained handgrip, Schellong test) to evaluate HIV-1 associated autonomic dysfunction (HIVAD) in 38 HIV-seropositive patients. Criteria of exclusion were drug or alcohol abuse, concurrent infections, neoplasms, wasting syndrome and neurotoxic medication. We found increased PASP onset latencies and lower PASP amplitudes even in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients (p < 0.0125, Bonferroni corrected p-value). A mild or marked HIVAD was detected in 21% of the patients each. Heart rate and blood pressure responses were similarly affected. HIVAD was not related to HIV-1 associated changes in sural and tibial nerve conduction parameters. Our data suggest that HIVAD is a frequent complication of HIV-1 infection and that HIV-1 plays a direct role in its pathogenesis. Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS appear to be similarly affected.
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PMID:[HIV-1 associated autonomic dysfunction (HIVAD)]. 885 Dec 96

This study describes the relationship between the need for psychiatric consultation, illicit drug use, and zidovudine (AZT) adherence in HIV-infected injection drug users (IDUs) in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). The treatment records of 57 IDUs in MMT who had been prescribed AZT between May and August of 1991 were reviewed. Those who required psychiatric consultation (P+, N = 46, 81%) were compared with those who did not require psychiatric consultation (P-, N = 11, 19%) on adherence to AZT treatment (using the mean corpuscular volume [MCV] as a biological marker), on recent illicit drug use, and on CD4 lymphocyte (T cell) count changes from the beginning to the end of AZT treatment. The P+ subjects were less likely than P- subjects to adhere to AZT treatment: fewer in the P+ group had an MCV outside of the normal range, and P+ subjects had a lower average monthly increase in MCV since the beginning of AZT treatment. Recent illicit drug use and CD4 lymphocyte count changes from the beginning to the end of AZT treatment did not show group differences. Psychiatric morbidity among HIV-infected IDUs in MMT is common, and may contribute to poor adherence to AZT treatment. Psychiatric screening and adherence-enhancing interventions should be targeted to IDUs entering drug treatment programs.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1996 Nov
PMID:Psychiatric morbidity, illicit drug use and adherence to zidovudine (AZT) among injection drug users with HIV disease. 891 86

We describe the development and validation of a fully automated homogeneous immunoassay for serum beta 2-microglobulin on the Dade aca clinical analyzer. The assay employs latex enhanced immunoturbidimetry, with an affinity purified polyclonal antibody covalently coupled to a 40 nm latex particle. The assay working range is < 0.5 to 20 mg/l with no evidence of loss of signal due to antigen excess at concentrations up to 120 mg/l. The assay sensitivity is 0.2 mg/l; within run and between run imprecision showed coefficients of variations of < 7%, across the assay range 1-20 mg/l. A method comparison with an established RIA procedure gave a regression equation of (aca) = 1.14 (RIA)-0.26, r = 0.996, n = 109. Good analytical recovery (98-101%), no evidence of a lack of parallelism and no interference from rheumatoid factor (tested up to 1.2 x 10(6) U/l) were observed. The low method to be considered as an effective means of monitoring seroconversion in HIV infected subjects and treatment of patients with myelomatosis.
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PMID:Validation of a particle enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay for serum beta 2-microglobulin on the Dade aca. 893 13

Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is believed to be associated with reduced hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity and risk factors such as alcohol abuse and medication with oral contraceptives and certain other drugs. Recently it has been suggested that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may also be associated with PCT. We have therefore reviewed the prevalence of HCV infection in a series of patients with PCT in the Lothian region of Scotland. We identified 12 patients with PCT, all of whom had abnormal liver function tests. Liver histology revealed chronic active hepatitis in six patients, micronodular cirrhosis in four patients, hepatocellular carcinoma in one patient and normal findings in one HIV positive patient. Out of 12 patients tested, 11 were positive for anti-HCV antibodies by second generation enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA 2), and by recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA 2); positive serology was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In a second group of 14 patients with chronic HCV infection matched for age and sex with the PCT patients, all had normal urinary uroporphyrin excretion. We have thus confirmed in Scotland early reports from Spain and Italy that PCT is strongly associated with HCV infection. This could explain the development of inflammatory changes in the liver and progression of liver disease in patients with PCT. Porphyrin metabolism, however, appears normal in patients with chronic HCV infection without PCT.
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PMID:The association of hepatitis C viral infection with porphyria cutanea tarda in the Lothian region of Scotland. 895

In China, health care delivery follows a three-tiered structure set up in the 1950s for rural and urban areas. In 1990, China set baseline criteria for primary health care in rural areas which is largely funded by a reestablished rural cooperative medical care financing system. Financing reform efforts in urban areas are using a model through which contributions are collected from salaries and from local governments and other public organizations. The overall incidence of infectious diseases is more than 500/100,000 people, but associated mortality has declined. Diseases covered by the Expanded Programme of Immunology have been controlled, but China is at high risk for viral hepatitis (epidemics of hepatitis A infections occurred in 1988), and incidence of tuberculosis has increased. In addition, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is spreading rapidly with an estimated 50,000-100,000 infected. Parasitic diseases are also widespread, and causes of death seen in developed countries (hypertension, stroke, coronary health disease, cancer, and diabetes) are increasing. With 510 million people living in iodine-deficient areas, iodine deficiency diseases have disabled an estimated 8 million people. China has promised to eradicate iodine-deficiency by the year 2000. The disabling Kaschin-Beck disease is also endemic in China. Occupational diseases threaten nearly 20 million Chinese people, and the prevalence of smoking and alcohol abuse is increasing, especially among young people. By the year 2000, 10% of the population will be older than 60, and 30% of this group will have health problems requiring care. The health care system is, thus, undergoing rapid change to meet its new challenges.
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PMID:Health care delivery system and major health issues in China. 898 46

This retrospective study analyzes and compares the incidence of admissions for alcohol and drug (i.e.: heroin and cocaine) induced diseases to the internal medicine service of Locarno Regional Hospital (61 beds plus intensive care unit) between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 1994. Of 4038 admissions, 298 (7.4%) were related to alcoholism and drug addiction. 4.2% of all hospital days were due to alcohol abuse, whereas 3.2% were related to drug abuse (of these 1.8% were for HIV-associated diseases and 0.9% for withdrawal treatment). The male/female ratio was 3:1 in both groups, the average age of women being significantly lower in the alcoholic group (50.5 +/- 14.4 years vs. 58.1 +/- 12.9; p = 0.003). Over 90% of the patients with alcohol-induced conditions continued to consume alcohol. On the contrary, only 16% of the HIV-positive patients were still drug-addicted. The in-hospital mortality was 6% (5% in the alcoholic group; 1.6% and 12%, respectively, in the HIV-negative and HIV-positive groups of drug addicts). This study confirms the high prevalence of diseases related to alcohol and drug abuse. Women are less affected, but show complications of alcohol abuse earlier. Despite the HIV epidemic in our area, the admissions of alcoholics to the hospital are more frequent than those of drug addicts. Most of the drug addicts with an HIV-associated condition are in remission, whereas alcoholics with alcohol-induced diseases continue, for the most part, to be alcohol-dependent.
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PMID:[Alcohol and drug abuse: a retrospective analysis of incidence in a regional hospital 1993-1994]. 899 1


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