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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rises in both crack cocaine use and incidence of sexually transmitted diseases have been recently reported. In this study, we investigated the relationship between crack cocaine abuse and sexual behavior in 50 psychiatric inpatients. The relationship between crack use and sexual behavior is a very complicated one, influenced by many variables such as the dose of crack used, the user's preexisting sexuality, gender, and psychiatric illness. Results indicated that while most of the subjects developed sexual disinterest and dysfunction with prolonged crack cocaine use, some of them became more sexually promiscuous and consequently contracted more sexually transmitted diseases. The implications of these findings regarding transmission of HIV among crack cocaine users are discussed.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1992
PMID:Crack cocaine use and sexual behavior among psychiatric inpatients. 141 82

The relationship of age at first injection and HIV risk was explored in a nonblinded HIV seroprevalence study of intravenous drug users (IVDUs) admitted to methadone treatment in seven United States cities between February 1987 and June 1989. Comparisons were made of IVDUs who began injecting as adolescents, young adults, and adults in terms of drug use and sexual HIV risk behaviors and HIV serostatus. Early injectors consistently reported higher levels of drug-using risk behaviors (e.g., frequency of injection, frequency of needle sharing, and use of shooting galleries), and were more likely to be HIV seropositive. Among females, early injectors were also more likely to report sexual risk behaviors (e.g., multiple sex partners, prostitution). The relationship of age at first injection with selected risk behaviors and HIV serostatus was independent of subjects' age at interview, gender, and race/ethnicity. This study suggests that adolescent injectors are an important target group for HIV prevention efforts.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1992
PMID:Age at first injection and HIV risk among intravenous drug users. 141 84

This paper examines the sexual behaviors of 255 intravenous drug users (IVDUs) to assess the potential for the sexual transmission of HIV and to examine differences in sexual behaviors between in- and out-of-treatment IVDUs. In-treatment subjects (N = 152) were a random sample of clients at a large, publicly funded methadone maintenance program. Out-of-treatment subjects (N = 103) were recruited through a chain referral technique, using the in-treatment subjects. Forty-five percent of the study subjects reported multiple partners and 32% reported exchanging sex for money or drugs in the preceding 6 months. Fifty-three percent reported no use of condoms. After controlling for demographic differences between the in- and out-of-treatment groups, out-of-treatment IVDUs reported significantly more partners than in-treatment IVDUs (4.6 vs 2.3, significant t < 0.01), and more often had exchanged sex for money or drugs (44 vs 26%, relative odds 1.8, p < .05). In- and out-of-treatment subjects did not differ with respect to condom use. We conclude that IVDUs both in- and out-of-treatment continue to be at risk of contracting and spreading HIV infection through sexual behaviors, and that being in drug treatment is associated with a lower incidence of high risk sexual behaviors.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1992
PMID:High-risk sexual behaviors of intravenous drug users in- and out-of-treatment: implications for the spread of HIV infection. 144 21

Alarming proportions of teenagers in Greenland start to have sex early in life, sleep with multiple partners, and do not use condoms regularly. There is a rather relaxed attitude toward casual sex among the general population in Greenland. There exists a commensurately high incidence of gonorrhea, syphilis, cervical cancer, and other sexually transmitted diseases. 8000 new cases of gonorrhea were diagnosed in 1987, but only 2000 new cases have been diagnosed annually since 1990. This latter incidence is still high for the total population of 55,000 which resides in scattered settlements along the west coast of the protectorate. Greenland is at high risk for a heterosexual HIV epidemic. Thus far, Greenland has benefited by a late introduction of HIV to the society, lack of drug abuse, few opportunities for homosexual contacts, good communication and information systems, good schools, and good health care. As of September 1991, 32 HIV-seropositives had been identified from a serosampled population of 18,000; 11 of the positives were female. Studies of youth's knowledge and sexual behavior were conducted in 1988 and 1989. This repeat study surveyed all students in vocational training and all 10th graders in public schools in April 1991 through self-administered questionnaires. The group of 1201 student respondents represents 85% of all individuals in the target groups. It should be pointed out that 10th grade is the last mandatory year of the elementary school system in Greenland and that 461 respondents were under age 18 and 740 were 18 years or older. 83% had had their sexual debut. Among the sexually experienced, 54% reported first having sex before the age of 15 years. 17% of males and 11% of females reported having more than 10 sex partners in the previous year. 26% of males and 42% of females reported more than 15 intercourses per month. Consistent or most of the time use of condoms was, however, reported by only 29% of males and 24% of females. Compared to earlier surveys, the age of sexual initiation declined and respondents reported both a greater number of sex partners and a higher frequency of sexual intercourse. Denmark, yet residing in Greenland. These findings indicate that while 5 years of intensive education and prevention campaigns have succeeded in improving health personnel, teacher, and student knowledge about AIDS, no marked change has taken place in the sexual habits of the young. It is, therefore, concluded that an AIDS prevention campaign must not be based exclusively upon the promotion of condom use, but should aim to stop the decline in age of sexual debut, reduce the degree of excessive sexual promiscuity, and address alcohol abuse. These steps must be taken now to had off a self-sustained HIV epidemic as the prevalence of HIV grows in this population.
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PMID:An update on knowledge and sexual behaviour among students in Greenland. Monitoring of the stop-AIDS campaign. 148 52

The HIV and drug abuse epidemics are intertwined, and drug abusers make up a significant proportion of reported AIDS patients. For a variety of reasons, it is difficult to collect and interpret data about each epidemic. It is even more difficult to determine the relationships between the two. In this paper, various epidemiologic studies in both fields are reviewed. Some strengths and limitations of those studies are discussed, and possible methods for improvement are identified.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1992
PMID:Epidemiologic studies on HIV/AIDS and drug abuse. 156 14

A psychiatric examination was conducted on 144 patients at various stages of HIV infection and on 29 controls found to be seronegative. One-half of the control group had at least one DSM-III-R Axis I diagnosis, most commonly cannabis abuse, alcohol abuse, or adjustment disorder. Compared to this baseline, HIV-infected subjects had higher rates of adjustment disorder. AIDS patients were also more likely to suffer from organic mental disorder. The rate of unemployment increased as the disease progressed. Major depression was seen in only ten patients, and there were no differences between controls and HIV-infected subjects. Formal assessment of mood state and feelings of pessimism also showed no differences among the groups. The importance of helping improve the patient's lifestyle through the control of alcohol and drug abuse is underscored.
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PMID:Psychiatric morbidity in patients with HIV infection. 156 54

Two of the most interesting questions often asked about AIDS is why many people do not become immunodeficient or get complicating disease when first infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and what are the "risk factors" making some individuals more susceptible to the disease. A large majority of people with AIDS have a well established history of drug and alcohol abuse. Both drugs of abuse and alcohol have immunotoxic properties as evidenced by a number of studies. These include marked changes in the cellular, humoral and other components of the immune defense mechanism. Such a compromise of the immune system can render it susceptible to the development of AIDS after HIV infection. This paper reviews the evidence suggesting possible links between substance abuse and its immunotoxicology, and their possible roles in the pathogenesis of AIDS.
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PMID:AIDS, drugs of abuse and the immune system: a complex immunotoxicological network. 174 59

Whilst this conference presented no new or exciting breakthroughs in our understanding of the psychosocial or neuropsychological aspects of HIV disease, there were some useful contributions to our knowledge in these areas. Previous work suggesting that HIV seropositive individuals with HIV are no more likely to suffer poor psychosocial adjustment than matched HIV-controls. However, where psychiatric disorders are seen, the most common are adjustment disorders followed by drug and alcohol abuse. Mania, whilst quite rare, may be more commonly seen with HIV than should be expected. People with asymptomatic HIV infection appear to be no more likely to show a cognitive deficit than matched HIV-individuals and this appears to be equally true for gay men, intra-venous drug users and people with haemophilia. However, as the disease progresses, neuropsychological impairment, or even dementia, may be seen and when this occurs the pattern of decline appears to be precipitous rather than insidious.
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PMID:Neuroscience of HIV infection: basic and clinical frontiers. 178 84

We compared retention in treatment and psychological reactions during drug abuse treatment by 22 HIV-antibody positive, physically asymptomatic cocaine addicts to 22 matched HIV-seronegative cocaine addicts. All subjects participated in an outpatient clinical research project. There were no significant differences between groups in sociodemographics and psychiatric symptom scores on entrance or cocaine use except for route of administration (chi 2 = 11.59, df = 2, p less than .005). There were no significant differences among groups regarding being informed of serostatus and beginning treatment. There was a trend (p = .079) for more seropositives to complete treatment. Using end-point analysis to compare 11 seropositive subjects who completed a minimum of 2 weeks of treatment to a matched seronegative comparison groups, there were no significant differences in mood states except for "anger/hostility" (interaction of group x time; F = 2.24, df = 13/260, p less than .05). Informing drug abusers in treatment regarding positive HIV-serostatus was not associated with a lower treatment-retention rate or adverse psychological reactions when counseling regarding HIV issues was integrated with drug abuse treatment.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1991 Sep
PMID:Psychological reactions and retention by cocaine addicts during treatment according to HIV-serostatus: a matched-control study. 192 28

We studied the prevalence of liver disease and the carrier state for hepatitis B (HBV), delta virus (HDV) and HIV-1 infection in two Valencian penitentiaries, one for males and the other for females. Serological results were correlated with history of intravenous drug addiction, alcohol abuse, homosexuality or prostitution (high-risk groups), and duration and number of internments. A high prevalence of increased transaminase levels (52.2%) and serological markers for HBV infection (66.5%) was observed amongst the inmates, figures being higher amongst high-risk individuals and inmates confined for more than 6 months. No signs of HDV or HIV-1 infection were found amongst the prison staff. Anti-HIV-1 positivity was observed most frequently amongst individuals combining both drug abuse and homosexuality/and prostitution.
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PMID:Prevalence of liver disease and infection by hepatitis B, delta virus, and human immunodeficiency virus in two Spanish penitentiaries. 232 61


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