Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ocular complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) include: (1) a noninfectious microangiopathy, most often seen in the retina, consisting of cotton-wool spots with or without intraretinal hemorrhages and other microvascular abnormalities; (2) opportunistic ocular infections, primarily cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis; (3) conjunctival, eyelid, or orbital involvement by those neoplasms seen in patients with AIDS (i.e., Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma); and (4) neuro-ophthalmic lesions. In a series of 200 AIDS patients evaluated clinically, AIDS retinopathy was present in 66.5%. Sixty-four percent had cotton-wool spots, and 12% had intraretinal hemorrhages. Cytomegalovirus retinitis was diagnosed in 28% of AIDS patients. Neuro-ophthalmic lesions were found in 8% of all AIDS patients and were present in 33% of those patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome retinopathy was present in 40% of 35 patients with the AIDS-related complex (ARC) and in 1.3% of 232 patients with asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, evaluated photographically. These results suggest that the prevalence of AIDS retinopathy increases with increasing severity of HIV infection, and that CMV retinitis presents a significant vision-threatening problem in AIDS patients.
 ...
PMID:Ocular manifestations of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. 254 83

Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is very frequently observed in pediatric AIDS. Clinical manifestations include encephalopathy, cognitive deficits, acquired microcephaly, neurological signs, myelopathy, and peripheral neuropathy. Neurological complications can be related to opportunistic viral infections such as encephalitis, atypical aseptic meningitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and myelitis. Nonviral syndromes include: toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis, candidiasis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis meningitis, and Mycobacterium avium subacute encephalitis. Bacterial infections, tumors, cerebrovascular complications, and peripheral neuropathies are not frequently observed in pediatric AIDS. The most severe complications of HIV infection is encephalopathy resulting from HIV infection of brain tissue. Direct HIV invasion of the CNS has been demonstrated. Clinical features of HIV encephalopathy are classified into three categories: (1) normal neurological findings; (2) static encephalopathy; and (3) progressive encephalopathy. AIDS dementia complex can be differentiated from the predominance of behavioral and cognitive disabilities.
 ...
PMID:Acquired immune deficiency syndrome in childhood. Neurological aspects. 268 79

A 41-year-old woman from the Cape Verde Islands, Africa, who had been residing in the United States for 11 months was found to have human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2)-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Antibody to HIV-2 was found by enzyme immunoassay and was verified by radioimmunoprecipitation. The patient was being treated for pulmonary tuberculosis at the time of her admission to our institution. Further laboratory and clinical evaluation at our facility revealed depressed CD4 lymphocytes, oral candidiasis, and cryptococcal meningitis with indeterminate results on serologic testing for HIV type 1 (HIV-1). The biopsy specimen of a lesion in the right occipital lobe of the brain documented Toxoplasma gondii, indicating a clinical diagnosis of AIDS. To our knowledge, our study presents the first known patient with HIV-2-associated AIDS in the United States. Our patient provides further evidence that HIV-2 causes severe immunodeficiency and opportunistic infection. The condition should be suspected in the face of normal or repeatedly equivocal HIV-1 antibody test results in the presence of clinically documented AIDS.
 ...
PMID:HIV-2-associated AIDS in the United States. The first case. 276 58

Between 1984 and 1987 (over two-and-a-half years) 30 hospitalized patients with HIV infections of different degrees of severity were ophthalmologically examined. Ocular involvement was found in 17 patients (approx. 57%). In 16 of these 17 patients with pathologic ophthalmologic findings (approx. 94%), AIDS was already fully developed. Ocular involvement is therefore a sign of poor prognosis. Fourteen patients had a microvascular retinal syndrome and four patients had infectious (chorio-)retinitis (causative organisms: cytomegalovirus in three cases, Cryptococcus neoformans in one). Further findings included sicca syndrome with superficial punctate keratitis in two cases, keratitis in one patient with generalized mucocutaneous candidiasis, Kaposi's sarcoma of the eyelids in two cases, Kaposi's sarcoma of the conjunctiva in one case, papilledema with cryptococcal meningitis in one case, and atypical hordeolum in one case. Morphologic and pathogenetic aspects of the ophthalmologic findings, their importance and course in AIDS patients, and therapeutic problems are discussed.
 ...
PMID:[Eye involvement in AIDS]. 282 96

HIV-infected patients are at markedly increased risk for neurological dysfunction, which may occur at any level of the neuraxis (see Table 1). The most common syndromes--AIDS dementia complex, vacuolar myelopathy, and possibly distal symmetric peripheral neuropathy--appear to be related to HIV infection within the nervous system, rather than due to the immunoincompetence caused by HIV. However, the mechanism(s) by which HIV causes these syndromes, e.g., infecting neurons or oligodendroglia directly, interfering with neurotrophic factors, effecting toxic monokine production, etc., is unknown. Early, albeit incomplete, success with azidothymidine is encouraging. Less commonly, neurological syndromes may be secondary to the immunoincompetence produced by HIV. Many different etiologies--most of which are treatable--have been encountered, but a few of these (cerebral toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis, primary CNS lymphoma, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy) are responsible for most of the opportunistic complications. Marked differences in symptoms and signs between AIDS patients and immunologically normal patients may complicate recognition of some of these diseases (e.g., herpes simplex encephalitis). Finally, some HIV-associated syndromes, e.g., inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and retinal microvasculopathy, are of unknown etiology.
 ...
PMID:The neurology of human immunodeficiency virus infection. 285 54

Clinical symptoms of the central and peripheral nervous system occur in about 40% of patients wit HIV infection. At autopsy, CNS lesions can be demonstrated in even higher percentages. Primary sequelae of HIV infection--either due to direct viral effects or the immunopathologic response of the human host--are acute aseptic meningitis or mengingo-encephalitis, HIV encephalopathy, myelopathy, neuropathy, and myositis. Secondary consequences of immunodeficiency in AIDS are opportunistic infections with other viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, e.g. CMV, HSV and HZV encephalitis, mycobacterial CNS infections, neurosyphilis, cryptococcal meningitis, and last but not least cerebral toxoplasmosis. The main secondary malignoma of the CNS is lymphoma. Together these disorders form a complex spectrum of central and peripheral neurological symptoms.
 ...
PMID:[Neurologic complications of AIDS]. 304 48

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in children has until recently been under-reported, since the initial Centers for Disease Control definition of AIDS was restrictive. The case definition has now been revised. Most children with AIDS acquired their infection perinatally and have a parent with established AIDS-related complex or AIDS or belong to a high-risk group. Prior to March 1985, children also acquired human immunodeficiency virus from a contaminated blood product transfusion or from factor replacement for hemophilia. In the United States, AIDS in children occurs predominantly in cities with large populations of intravenous drug users. There are a number of differences between the clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection in children compared with adults. For example, recurrent bacterial infection is more common in children, perhaps reflecting the abnormal B cell function that occurs relatively early in the disease course. Certain opportunistic infections (e.g., toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis) are less common in children than adults. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia does not occur in adults but is found in 30 to 50 percent of children. On the other hand, Kaposi's sarcoma and other malignancies are less common in children. Treatment has consisted largely of general supportive care in hospital or at home; this is dependent on the availability and utilization of resources and financial support. However, as anti-retroviral therapy becomes available, studies in children have been initiated. It is hoped that in the future it may be possible to prevent the disease; in the meantime, earlier diagnosis and better therapy are important goals.
 ...
PMID:Acquired immune deficiency syndrome in children. Current problems and therapeutic considerations. 304 85

In many areas of Africa where AIDS is endemic, facilities for laboratory diagnosis are too limited to reliably diagnose opportunistic infections. Therefore, the World Health Organization defined a clinical case definition of AIDS in which 2 major signs and at least 1 minor sign must be present to diagnose AIDS. The major signs are: weight loss greater than 10%, diarrhea for more than 1 month, and prolonged fever for more than 1 month. The minor signs are: persistent cough for more than 1 month, generalized pruritic dermatitis, recurrent herpes zoster, oropharyngeal candidiasis, chronic disseminated herpes simplex, and generalized lymphadenopathy. (The presence of Kaposi's sarcoma or cryptococcal meningitis are sufficient by themselves for a diagnosis of AIDS.) 72 patients in 4 hospitals in Equateur Province of Zaire were used to test the reliability of the clinical case definition. 21 (29%) of the patients were HIV seropositive, and 22 (32%) fulfilled the clinical criteria. From these data the sensitivity of the case definition was 52%, specificity was 78%, positive predictive value was 50%, and negative predictive value was 80%. Since positive predictive value rises with prevalence and HIV infection is maximal in the 20-40 age group, restricting the case definition to this age group would increase its predictive value. Exclusion of patients with tuberculosis would reduce the number of false positive results.
 ...
PMID:Evaluation of the WHO clinical case definition for AIDS in rural Zaire. 313 18

Diagnosis of clinical AIDS can be difficult for clinicians in Africa, where there is only limited access to the sophisticated bacteriological diagnostic facilities needed for diagnoses based on the criteria laid down by the Center for Disease Control in the US. The most common presentation of AIDS in Africa is as an enteropathic condition known as 'Slim.' Based on this and other common presentations of the disease in Africa, a group of clinicians in Bangui, Central African Republic, drew up a list of criteria for the diagnosis of AIDS in Africa which are based on patient history and examination and the exclusion of other conditions rather than on serological confirmation of HIV infection. The major criteria are 1) unexplained fever for longer than 1 month; 2) unexplained diarrhea for longer than 1 month; and 3) weight loss greater than 10% of previous weight. Minor symptoms are presence of a maculopapular rash, oral candidiasis or thrush, herpes zoster or shingles, aggressive or uncontrollable herpes simplex, unexplained cough for longer than 1 month, or enlarged lymph nodes in more than 1 extrainguinal site. The finding of 2 major symptoms and at least 1 minor one is enough for diagnosis. These criteria have been found to be useful. However, they do not cover all the presentations which have been associated with AIDS. Unusual presentations of HIV infected persons which have been seen in Africa include serially developing abscesses in pyomyositis, gall bladder diseases, pericarditis or myocarditis, diseases of the Central Nervous System (cryptococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis, non-specific leuko-encephalitis, atraumatic paraplegia, acute psychosis or chronic deterioration in mental capacity, lymphoma of the brain), prodromal illnesses, swollen lymph nodes, herpes zoster or shingles in young adults, or tumours of the lymphatic system. Differential diagnosis is extremely important.
 ...
PMID:Clinical manifestations of AIDS in tropical countries. 319 42

The authors describe their experience of the infection by the virus of the human immunodeficiency HIV-1 in Burundi. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was brought to light in 1983 by the emergence of cryptococcal meningitis, Kaposi's sarcomas, disseminated candidiasis. 109 cases of infection by the virus of the human immunodeficiency (HIV) AIDS related complex, or acquired immunodeficiency syndromes, were observed in 8 months and are related in this paper. The authors elucidate the spread and amplify the role played by lorry drivers. The frequency of recent case history: tuberculosis, zona, sexually transmitted diseases (41%). Clinical manifestations have been studied according to their clinical stage: 28 patients are AIDS related complex (25%), 81 are acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. One have to notice the frequency of tuberculosis at the stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, of digestive parasitoses, not only coccidiosis, but also strongyloidiasis and colonic amoebiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, and encephalopathies caused by the virus of human immunodeficiency (HIV) at the period of AIDS. Lethal evolution is fast: 28 out of the 81 AIDS were observed up to their end, occurring in less than 60 days, as an average. Lastly, numerous opportunistic infections cannot be diagnosed because the lack of technical facilities.
 ...
PMID:[Principle aspects of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in adults in Burundi]. 322 84


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>