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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

More recent knowledge on pathogenesis and immunopathology of HIV-infection permit more hope for progress in prevention and treatment. The important steps of viral replication and persistence are restated. The considerable magnitude of HIV plasma viremia during all disease stages implies relevant conclusions concerning diagnosis, therapy and virulence. Variable pathogenesis of HIV-infection is based on viral features, cofactors and immunopathological events.
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PMID:[HIV infection. Immunopathology and pathogenesis]. 192 16

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major etiologic agent associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis. This study was designed to assess virologic and serologic markers in hemophiliacs exposed to non-heat-treated and/or virus-inactivated plasma derivatives. Serial bleeds from 48 hemophilic patients were analyzed for the presence of HCV viral RNA sequences as detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antibodies to structural (core) and nonstructural (C-100 and 33C) proteins by specific dot immunoblot assay. All patients exposed to non-heat-treated products, and four of six patients exposed only to virus inactivated products, had evidence of HCV infection. However, over the 5-yr study period, six exposed patients (13%) consistently lacked detectable anti-C-100 and seven (15%) lost this antibody. HCV viremia (PCR positive) was found in 91% of exposed patients, and was significantly more frequent in HIV seropositive hemophiliacs (P less than 0.05). Six patients had high antibody level to HCV and elevated ALT, but appeared to clear viremia. Four hemophiliacs were HCV seropositive but lacked detectable viremia. These data indicate that hemophiliacs remain persistently infected by HCV and that antibody to the core antigen of HCV is a reliable marker of this transfusion transmissible agent.
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PMID:Evidence for persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in hemophiliacs. 193 52

In HIV-infected patients, the presence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) viraemia is predictive of the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), but it is not known whether it predicts further occurrence of CMV organ involvement. To assess the predictive value of CMV viraemia in the occurrence of CMV organ involvement, CMV blood cultures were performed at the onset of AIDS in 71 patients. They were prospectively followed up for at least 6 months, with a mean of 16.6 +/- 7 months (6-36 months). CMV viraemia was present in 28/71 patients (39.5%) at the onset of AIDS. CMV organ involvement occurred in 18/71 patients (25.4%) after 8.7 +/- 3.3 months. Fourteen of the 28 patients (50%) with early CMV viraemia developed CMV organ involvement after 7.7 +/- 6.3 months as compared with 4/43 patients (9.3%) who were not viraemic at the onset of AIDS with a mean follow-up of 11.8 +/- 3.8 months (P less than 0.001). At the time of CMV organ involvement, CMV viraemia, however, was present in 94.4% of the cases. No differences in survival was observed between initially viraemic and non-viraemic patients. No difference has found in mean CD4 cell count between viraemic and non-viraemic patients. This high predictive value of early CMV viraemia in AIDS for the occurrence of CMV organ involvement underlines the need for repeated search for CMV organ involvement when CMV viraemia is detected, and for less toxic antiviral drugs that might be used earlier.
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PMID:Predictive value of cytomegalovirus viraemia for the occurrence of CMV organ involvement in AIDS. 198 Jun 87

HIV infection of chimpanzees results in a chronic viremia unaccompanied by the ultimately fatal immunodeficiency that marks HIV infection in man. We show here that expression of HIV envelope proteins allows syncytium formation between cells expressing human but not chimpanzee or macaque CD4. We find that the CD4 sequences regulating cell fusion lie outside the recognized virus binding site; in the simplest exchange, chimpanzee CD4 bearing human residue 87 supports syncytium formation, while human CD4 bearing chimpanzee residue 87 does not. Neither the equilibrium nor the forward rate constants for HIV-CD4 association are affected by substitution at position 87. Infection of human cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 is insensitive to lysosomotropic agents, suggesting that viral penetration under these circumstances does not require endocytosis. The benign course of HIV infection in chimpanzees may reflect the failure of the host to support direct cell to cell transmission of the virus.
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PMID:A CD4 domain important for HIV-mediated syncytium formation lies outside the virus binding site. 210 24

Using the method of co-cultivation with phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from healthy donors, the author isolated the HIV-1 virus from peripheral mononuclear blood cells of three patients with the AIDS symptomatology and one patient with the ARC symptomatology. The presence of the virus in infected cells was proved by detection of the viral antigen p 24 in enzymatic immunoassays and in the immunofluorescence test. Three of the isolated strains were adapted to sensitive continual tissue cultures, where the isolates caused chronic infection of the cells associated with the development of a cytopathic effect. In the investigated patients no relationship was proved between viraemia and antigenaemia. The author discusses the importance of virus cultivation for laboratory diagnosis, epidemiology and research of HIV infection and AIDS.
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PMID:[Cultivation of HIV-1 virus on mononuclear peripheral blood cells of HIV-1 seropositive individuals]. 214 71

We tried to assess the long-term safety and potential efficacy of passive immunization in AIDS-related-complex (ARC) and AIDS patients. We also wanted to establish whether hyperimmune plasma from healthy human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals clears the cell-free virus from circulation. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we were able to provide conclusive evidence that hyperimmune plasma is effective and maintains long-term neutralization of viremia. Using the cell test, we found that in most patients the total antibody level was maintained; in one of the ARC patients, it actually increased 8-fold and has remained at that level for nearly 2 years. The CD4+ cell count decreased in the AIDS patients but was stable in the ARC patient. Clinically, there was an initial improvement in all patients, but five of six of the advanced/terminal AIDS patients had died by month 17. Our studies suggest that passive immunization may be safe in ARC and AIDS patients. It reduces HIV-1 viremia to levels undetectable even by PCR. To advanced/terminal patients, the benefit is of limited duration, while to ARC patients it may be long-term. Therefore, passive immunization should start early in the disease.
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PMID:Polymerase chain reaction evidence for human immunodeficiency virus 1 neutralization by passive immunization in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. 214 79

The pandemic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), requires rapid development of effective therapy and prevention. Analysis of candidate anti-HIV-1 drugs in animals is problematic since no ideal animal model for HIV-1 infection and disease exists. For many reasons, including small size, availability of inbred strains, immunological reagents, and lymphokines, murine systems have been used for in vivo analysis of antiretroviral agents. Here we review currently available murine models involving HIV-1 in transgenic mice and in chimeric mice reconstituted with human cells, as well as murine systems using retroviruses of the subfamily Oncovirinae rather than Lentivirinae. We report our results on various antiretroviral treatment strategies, including chemoprophylaxis after acute retroviral exposure, therapy of chronic viremia, quantitative analysis of combination therapy, and therapy during pregnancy and in the neonatal period aimed at preventing viremia in the offspring. Due to our highly effective postexposure treatment protocols with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine) combined with recombinant human interferon-alpha A/D, retrovirus-inoculated mice developed immunity to the virus to which they were exposed, which will allow us to determine the nature of protective antiretroviral immunity in inbred mice.
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PMID:Murine models for evaluating antiretroviral therapy. 216 58

Although the detection of antibodies to a specific pathogen is used initially as the assay of choice, direct detection of human retroviruses is difficult. First, only a small fraction of cells are infected in the peripheral blood and lymphatic tissue may serve as a reservoir for infection. Second, infected cells may harbor only a small number of copies of the viral sequences. Third, a latent infection marked by transcriptional dormancy is often established thereby obviating the use of proteins or RNA to detect the viruses. Fourth, closely related but distinct members of the onco-and lenti-virus families may complicate specific detection of a particular virus. An additional hurdle is viral heterogeneity. HIV variants, for example, have been identified within and among individuals harboring this virus. Accordingly, sensitive and specific detection of the human retroviruses seemingly requires specific amplification of viral DNA sequences prior to detection. In this regard, an in vitro DNA amplification procedure using DNA polymerase and termed the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) initially applied to human genetic diseases has been successfully applied to human retroviruses. A PCR-based assay has demonstrated utility for detecting infection: (1) prior to the generation of detectable antibodies, (2) in individuals with ambiguous or indeterminate serological status, (3) for neonatal screening, (4) by a specific type or multiple viruses, and (5) in therapeutic trials to allow the monitoring of infected cell load and viremia. It is also unlikely that the viruses identified to date represent all of the retroviruses responsible for human disease. Lymphatic disorders, in general, and immunodeficiencies, in particular, merit closer scrutiny for a retroviral etiologic agent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The polymerase chain reaction (PCR): a valuable method for retroviral detection. 217 Jul 79

Eighty-two HIV-1-seropositive subjects were examined for the presence and quantification of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) by polymerase chain reaction, culture and immunofluorescence in order to investigate the relationship between viraemia and immunosuppression. Patients were divided into three groups: (1) asymptomatic subjects with greater than 400 x 10(6)/l CD4 lymphocytes (n = 30); (2) asymptomatic subjects with less than 400 x 10(6)/l of CD4 lymphocytes and zidovudine (n = 20), and (3) AIDS-related complex (ARC)/AIDS patients on zidovudine (n = 32). Evidence of HCMV infection in circulating PMNL was found in 15 out of 29 ARC/AIDS patients examined (51.7%), whereas no infection was detected among the 50 asymptomatic HIV-1-seropositive subjects. HCMV-related symptoms were found only where the number of infected PMNL was greater than 50 per 2 x 10(5) cells.
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PMID:Human cytomegalovirus viraemia in HIV-1-seropositive patients at various clinical stages of infection. 217 16

The SIV macaque model is an excellent surrogate for SIV infection of humans. Genital mucosal transmission of SIV presents the opportunity for testing the effectiveness of spermicides, pharmacologic agents and vaccines in preventing the heterosexual transmission of HIV. Because the incubation period is usually shorter and the disease tempo more rapid than seen with HIV infection, the endpoint for therapeutic, prophylaxis and vaccine trials can be reached sooner in the monkey model. Initial vaccine experiments using inactivated whole SIV mac did not protect rhesus macaques against IV or genital mucosal challenge with a moderately high dose of homologous live virus but did appear to delay disease in the IV challenge group. Similarly, a modified live SIVmac immunogen also failed to protect rhesus monkeys against IV challenge with live virus but did delay disease. It appears, therefore, that a strong immediate immune response to SIVmac, whether naturally or artificially induced can reduce the level of viremia and delay the onset of clinical SAIDS. We believe that these inactivated whole virus and modified live virus approaches are worth pursuing further and they may guide us towards an eventual effective vaccine for AIDS.
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PMID:SIV infection of macaques: a model for AIDS vaccine development. 217 24


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