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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

HIV and AIDS issues deal directly with Human Rights and Public Health. Four basic principles have been acknowledged internationally in connection with HIV/AIDS: Autonomy, confidentiality, right to health and non-discrimination. According to these principles, it is not possible to adopt illegal or unethical measures toward HIV- infected persons. However, these may rarely be necessary in the case of prisoners, taking into account the possibilities of unpredictable behavior, violence and use of drugs, which are common in prisons. The World Health Organization as well as the United Nations have established the possibility of taking measures, different from those outside the jail, that may be illegal but necessary in order to protect the human rights of inmates, the general prison population and the security of the penitentiary system. Therefore coercive measures such as isolation may be imposed upon an inmate infected by HIV when he or she deliberately may try to infect others. This paper examines different types of situations dealing with HIV/AIDS in prison and reviews the international recommendations and the way the Costa Rican legal and penitentiary system have adopted them in accordance with its legal system and national prison characteristics.
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PMID:HIV/AIDS and human rights in prison. The Costa Rican experience. 975 33

Ethnographic immersion among homeless heroin addicts in San Francisco documents far more risky practices than the public health literature routinely reports. The logics of street-based income-generating strategies and the moral economy of social networking among self-identified "dope fiends" results in almost daily shares of drug preparation paraphernalia. Public health researchers need to reconceptualize their psychological behaviorist paradigm of "individual health risk behavior" because the pragmatics of income-generating strategies and the social symbolic hierarchies of respect, identity, and mutual dependence shape risky behavior. The explanatory potentials and the applied interventions that participant-observation anthropological approaches could bring to epidemiological public health research have not been utilized effectively in the field of HIV prevention and substance use. The accuracy of quantitative public health databases and our understanding of the who/why/how/where of HIV infection could be improved by a cross-methodological dialogue with participant-observation fieldworkers and by a greater theoretical sophistication with respect to power, violence, and extreme social marginalization.
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PMID:The moral economies of homeless heroin addicts: confronting ethnography, HIV risk, and everyday violence in San Francisco shooting encampments. 975 20

This study analyzes the mortality, hospitalizations, and arrests in a cohort of severe intravenous heroin users divided into three groups: those in methadone treatment, those discharged from treatment, and those who never received treatment. The study population consists of 101 heroin users, of whom 56 were HIV-seropositive. Because of intensive drug misuse, they underwent coercive residential treatment in Stockholm during the 3-year period 1986-1988. The mortality was lower in the methadone group, and all seven deaths were related to HIV-infection. Outside the program, 24 of 29 persons died from external violence and poisoning.
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PMID:Changes in mortality, arrests, and hospitalizations in nonvoluntarily treated heroin addicts in relation to methadone treatment. 986 45

The life expectancy of individuals with haemophilia was close to that of the general population in the early 1980s. Since then, life expectancy has decreased, due to transfusion-transmitted virus infections. Deaths in individuals with haemophilia were investigated by analysing 2450 records from the Canadian Hemophilia Registry, for the years 1980-1995. Deaths were tabulated by age, year and cause, and compared with that of the Canadian male population by calculating standardized mortality ratios (SMRs). The median life expectancy at 1 year of age was calculated for various subpopulations and the impact of various population characteristics was assessed by survival regression modelling. There were 359 deaths and the annual number of deaths increased significantly after 1986. Risk factors were seropositivity to human immunodeficiency virus (relative risk 16.7, 95% CI 11.1-25.1), severe haemophilia (1.9, 1.3-2.7) and moderate haemophilia (1.8, 1.2-2.6). In HIV antibody negative individuals, the overall death rate was not increased (SMR 0.9, 95% CI 0.7-1.1) and only haemorrhage was significantly increased. In HIV antibody positive individuals, causes of death which were significantly increased were acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, liver failure, haemorrhage, lymphoma, liver cancer, nonspecific infections, and trauma or violence. Deaths due to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome accounted for only 66% of the excess deaths in individuals who were HIV antibody positive. Life expectancy has markedly decreased since the onset of the HIV epidemic. The impact of HIV is underestimated by considering only deaths due to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; other HIV-linked causes need also to be considered.
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PMID:Causes of death in Canadians with haemophilia 1980-1995. Association of Hemophilia Clinic Directors of Canada. 987 76

HIV and AIDS is a growing health risk for heterosexual women, particularly women of color (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997). Our research identified 5 types of HIV sexual risk taking in 3 independent samples of adult women from a New England Community: Group A women were noted by low to moderate levels of the 4 risk markers (i.e., unprotected vaginal sex, perceived partner-related risk, number of sexual partners, and unprotected anal sex); Group B women reported very high frequency of unprotected vaginal sex; Group C women were characterized by unprotected anal sex; Group D women had high perceived partner risk; and Group E women reported extremely high levels on all 4 HIV risk markers. Sexual risk groups were validated by demonstrating significant differences among groups on relevant behaviors, interpersonal experiences, and attitudes. Compared to other women, higher risk types reported greater behavioral risk practices (substance use, prostitution, diverse sexual experience), interpersonal risk experiences (sexual abuse, violence), initiation sexual assertiveness, and attitudinal risks (psychosocial distress). They reported less interpersonal assurance (surety of own and partner's HIV status), sexual assertiveness (for condom use and partner communication), psychosocial strengths (sexual self-acceptance), and transtheoretical readiness for change (condom use efficacy, readiness to consider condoms). Results provide additional support for the multifaceted model of HIV risk and the transtheoretical model. Suggestions for specifically focused interventions are given, depending on the pattern of sexual risk taking.
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PMID:Women HIV sexual risk takers: related behaviors, interpersonal issues, and attitudes. 991 47

Primary prevention of HIV requires behavior changes to decrease the risk of sexual, drug using, and occupational exposure to infection. The difficulties associated with behavior change are related to social, cultural, and political constraints that reinforce heterosexism, sexism, and racism. These problems are compounded by concurrent epidemics of violence, poverty, and drug use, and are made more difficult by the absolutist mentality. Use of theory-based interventions, awareness of community attributes, and a change to pragmatic political agendas can help in the development of effective prevention programs.
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PMID:The complex realities of primary prevention for HIV infection in a "just do it" world. 992 79

The population of South Africa is nearly 40 million and is growing at the rate of 2.5% per year. The population is 76.2% black, 13.3% white, 8.6% "mixed," and 2.6% Asian. The life expectancy (between 1985 and 1990) for whites was 69 years for males and 77 years for females; and for blacks, life expectancy was 61 years for males and 67 years for females. The major causes of death in blacks was accidents, poisoning and violence, which accounted for 14%. HIV/AIDS has reached epidemic proportions, and it is estimated that by the first decade of the next century between 18% and 27% of South African black adults will be infected. Diseases of the circulatory system claimed the most lives among whites (38.4%), Asians (34.1%), and the mixed group (21.8%). Coronary heart disease (CHD) was the major cause of death among whites and Asians in the circulatory system disease category and the main contributor to all causes of death. The CHD death rates of 165.3 and 101.2 per 100,000 population for whites and Asians, respectively, surpassed that of the "mixed" group (55.1 per 100,000); blacks had the lowest rate (5.3 per 100,000). Cerebrovascular disease is first among the "mixed" group, followed by whites and Asians, and then blacks (73.6, 62.5, and 36.5 per 100,000, respectively).
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PMID:The prevalence of hypertension and the status of cardiovascular health in South Africa. 992 10

Currently little attention has been directed, with the exception of peer education efforts, to constructively develop new and innovative ways to promote HIV/AIDS primary prevention among African American (AA) adolescents and young adults. With this in mind, the aim of this conceptual effort is to present a HIV/AIDS preventive counseling protocol developed for use with AA young adults that makes use of hip-hop music, a form of music popularized by young AAs. The author contend that an increased understanding of the relationships that many AA young adults have with hip-hop music may be used by disease prevention personnel to educate these populations about protective factors for HIV. Making use of hip-hop music is one strategy for integrating counseling in prevention and health maintenance. The overall implications of using hip-hop music in health promotion are unlimited. First, this method makes use of cultural relevant materials to address the educational and health needs of the target community. Second, it is grounded in an approach that serves to stimulate cooperative learning based on peer developed content. Moreover, the use of this medium can be applied to other health promotion activities such as violence/harm reduction and substance abuse prevention, upon reviews of songs for appropriate content. The authors contend that such an approach holds heuristic value in dealing with HIV/AIDS prevention among AA young adults. Additional testing of the intervention is warranted in the refinement of this innovative intervention.
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PMID:Model for using hip-hop music for small group HIV/AIDS prevention counseling with African American adolescents and young adults. 1002 55

Psychology can and should be at the forefront of participation in social, community, and preventive interventions. This chapter focuses on selective topics under two general areas: violence as a public health problem and health promotion/competence promotion across the life span. Under violence prevention, discussion of violence against women, youth violence, and child maltreatment are the focal points. Under health and competence promotion, attention is paid to the prevention of substance abuse and HIV/AIDS. We highlight a few significant theoretical and empirical contributions, especially from the field of community/prevention psychology. The chapter includes a brief overview of diversity issues, which are integral to a comprehensive discussion of these prevention efforts. We argue that the field should extend its role in social action while emphasizing the critical importance of rigorous research as a component of future interventions.
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PMID:Social, community, and preventive interventions. 1007 83

Homeless youth suffer from high rates of health problems, yet little is known about their perceptions of or context for their own health issues. In this study, a combination of qualitative techniques from participatory rural appraisal and rapid assessment procedures was used to investigate the perceptions of health needs of shelter-based youth in Baltimore, MD in the U.S.A. The most common youth-identified health problems included STDs, HIV/AIDS, pregnancy, depression, drug use and injuries. These correlate well with more objective health status data for the same youth. The youth spoke of environmental safety threats of violence and victimization by adults, as well as racism and sexism in their lives. Youth reported that trusted adult figures such as grandmothers are important sources of health advice. Many homeless youth from less than ideal family situations remain in contact with and continue to seek advice from parents and other family members. Health interventions with urban street youth need to acknowledge the primacy of the social context for these youth, as well as the reality of violence as a daily health threat.
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PMID:Health and access to care: perspectives of homeless youth in Baltimore City, U.S.A. 1007 49


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