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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The empowerment and affirmation of lesbian, bisexual, and gay students is long overdue. This article explores how human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), substance abuse, violence and hate-related crimes, suicide, and heterosexism all adversely affect the physical and emotional health of nonheterosexual college students. College health services must expand their current scope and practice and assume a leadership role in combating all forms of oppression by actively incorporating and addressing the unique health issues and needs of the lesbian, bisexual, and gay population. This article provides a brief overview of the relevant healthcare issues for lesbians, bisexuals, and gays; examples of heterosexism in college health services; and recommendations for institutional and personal and professional change.
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PMID:Challenging heterosexism in college health service delivery. 820 Nov 34

The objective of this study is to describe the lifestyle of a group of female prostitutes. The collection of information was achieved by: (i) using a self administered questionnaire; and (ii) conducting conversational type interviews. Of 85 women attending a health care drop-in centre for female street prostitutes in Glasgow, 63 completed the questionnaire and 72 participated in conversational interviews. For 63 women the mean age of commencement of prostitution was 21 years. Fifty-one (81%) were injecting drug users, their most commonly used drugs being heroin and temazepam. They worked a mean of 5.5 evenings per week and provided sexual services to a mean of 6.4 clients per working day. Less than half of these services were estimated to be vaginal intercourse. While 59/60 women indicated that they always used condoms during vaginal intercourse, this only applied to commercial sex; only 8/47 (17%) always used condoms with their regular sexual partners. Unconventional sexual services, e.g. voyeurism and physical abuse, were commonly provided and clients were often violent. A typical female streetworking-prostitute in Glasgow was aged 25, unemployed, an injecting drug user and had commenced prostitution 4 years before. Her knowledge of HIV/AIDS was good and for vaginal intercourse she almost always used condoms with clients, though probably not with her regular partner. Her main concern was likely to be violence from clients.
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PMID:Female streetworker--prostitutes in Glasgow: a descriptive study of their lifestyle. 821 67

Two samples of street youth from the inner city area of Sydney, ranging in age from 13 to 20, with a mean of 17, were surveyed via a lengthy questionnaire. The first survey in 1989/90 (n = 92; 66 males, 26 females) revealed high levels of physical and sexual abuse; violence and negative relationships as major factors in leaving home; safe sexual practice not common (other than for those prostituting); polydrug use widespread and heavier for females; some needle sharing by injecting drug users (IDU). Second survey, 190/91 (n = 100; 70 males, 30 females), confirmed previous picture, but found changes in immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviours: needle sharing reduced; for those prostituting an increase in safe sexual practices with clients; reduction in regular safe sexual practices with non-paying partners. IDU was significantly linked to prostitution as was needle sharing. Some changes are in an encouraging direction, but more preventive work is needed focusing on safe behaviours with non-paying partners and how to initiate and negotiate these. More qualitative or ethnographic research could better inform such efforts and, indigenous strategies deserve recognition.
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PMID:Taking a chance on love: risk behaviour of Sydney street youth. 826 27

Trauma patients have been identified as a high-risk group for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, particularly those patients with penetrating injuries from urban violence. We prospectively evaluated more than 2,000 trauma patients for HIV infection at our ACS-certified trauma center and report the results. Between September 1987 and December 1991, 2,004 patients were admitted to our trauma unit. All patients underwent HIV antibody assay by protocol. Three patients had positive test results, and all were confirmed as true positives. Two patients were known at the time of their trauma to be HIV positive, and the third had engaged in high-risk behavior. No health care worker reported inoculation with or mucosal exposure to HIV from any of these patients. In our trauma unit, the prevalence of HIV infection was only 0.15%. More than $74,000 was spent on screening without demonstrable benefit to the patients or increased protection for the trauma team. Routine testing of patients for HIV can be justified to establish epidemiologic parameters and in the case of high-risk groups, but it is not cost-effective in low-risk groups. Persistent testing of populations at low risk is a futile expenditure of precious health care dollars and is of questionable utility.
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PMID:The questionable utility of mandatory screening for the human immunodeficiency virus. 827 48

The comments presented are a summary from a presentation on poverty and AIDS made at the CHASA conference in Johannesburg, South Africa. AIDS is a complex and malignant disease in epidemic proportions; poverty and AIDS are linked with biological features such as a long, silent, latent period as HIV infection, the paralysis of the bodies immune system. The prevention of natural or herd immunity, the vertical perinatal transmission, and the links with sexually transmitted diseases. South Africa has been one of the last to be affected by AIDS/HIV. The impact is expected to be devastating because of the history of apartheid and its destructive impact on people and traditions of family life, and the contribution to poverty. The industrial base promotes migration, mobility, and exploitation. Leaving home breaks down the communities of departure and places the migrant in a vulnerable position as a nobody. The consequence of this status is multipartner sexual practices and prostitution as a means of economic support. Gender inequalities are further exacerbated by family disruption and instability. Women become less able to take control over their own sexual lives. The elite control scarce resources and wealth and have ample opportunity to exploit the poor. The poor also have less access to health care and condoms, and thus treatment of sexually transmitted diseases or prevention of HIV infections. Poor educational experiences can prevent their understanding of the issues, if they reach a health clinic. The silent nature of AIDS transmission is a difficult concept to grasp. Leisure and entertainment opportunities are limited, which leaves alcohol and sex as the preferred means of attaining pleasure, comfort, and intimacy. Urban violence and crime breed fatalism and despondency, which hurts prevention effort. AIDS also increases poverty through job loss, rejection, and discrimination.
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PMID:AIDS and the cycle of poverty. 848 51

In 1992, state legislatures considered more than 1300 measures dealing with abortion, family planning, sexuality education, infertility, maternal and infant health, sexually transmitted diseases, and AIDS. Fewer than 115 bills were approved, and 21 were later vetoed. 320 abortion bills (2/3 antiabortion measures) were introduced. There were 2 abortion referenda, 31 measures on women's right to abortion were introduced in 17 states, and 24 bills to prohibit most abortions were submitted in 10 states. 3 of the 63 parental involvement measures were approved. 41 counseling or waiting period bills were introduced in 24 states, but just one, in Kansas, was enacted. 16 bills to protect clinic employees, and patients from violence were introduced in 10 states, and 2 were enacted. 62 bills introduced in 26 states concerned family planning and contracepted issues, with many related to hormonal implants; one was enacted and one was vetoed. 73 bills on sexuality or health education were introduced; 5 were enacted, 1 was vetoed and 2 resolutions were adopted. 35 bills on teenage pregnancy prevention and care programs were proposed, with 2 enacted. 22 bills on school health services were proposed, with 1 enacted. 380 bills were introduced on early intervention for prenatal and infant care, prevention and treatment for pregnant women using alcohol and drugs, infertility insurance coverage, and family or medical leave for mothers. More than 40 were signed into law. Several of the 103 measures on prenatal care programs and insurance coverage dealt with Medicaid. Most of the 62 bills pertaining to the abuse of substances during pregnancy dealt with testing and treatment, the rest addressed criminal charges against the pregnant or postpartum women involved. 20 bills regarding infertility insurance benefits were introduced; none was enacted. 34 bills were enacted of the 455 introduced on issues related to STDs and AIDS. By the end of 1992, 33 states mandated some form of HIV or AIDS education in the public schools, 14 states encouraged it, and 3 had no policy.
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PMID:State legislation on reproductive health in 1992: what was proposed and enacted. 849 Dec 91

The social dynamics of prostitution render prostitutes unable at times to meet basic human needs, vulnerable to violence, and at risk for sexually transmitted disease. Since April 1989 a mobile van from a private foundation has been contacting prostitutes throughout the five boroughs of New York City to provide HIV testing and counseling and to distribute condoms, bleach kits for cleaning needles, and HIV prevention information. Data collected from 1,963 female prostitutes are discussed in this article. Information is provided on demographics, family and living arrangements, sex and drug practices, HIV status and risk reduction practices, and health history. Methods are discussed for social workers to develop creative ways to provide outreach and develop relationships with a vulnerable population that invests much effort in remaining concealed.
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PMID:Understanding the social needs of streetwalking prostitutes. 856 Mar 24

Professional HIV risk taking (nonconsistent condom use with clients) of female prostitutes in The Netherlands is addressed within the context of (early) experiences with abuse, well-being, coping behavior, job satisfaction, and financial need. Data were gathered from 127 female prostitutes on condom use, financial need, and professional attitude, and on experiences with violence and abuse, physical complaints, psychosocial problems, and coping responses. Violent traumatic experiences were found to relate to more severe complaints and problems, and a higher frequency of emotion-focused coping strategies. A risk-taking protection style (as opposed to consistent condom use and selective risk taking) appeared to be associated with more severe experiences with violence, both in childhood and in adult life, with more frequent dissociation as a coping behavior, and with more psychosomatic complaints. Of all the relationships found, more severe experiences with violence on the job were most strongly related to a higher professional HIV risk.
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PMID:Professional HIV risk taking, levels of victimization, and well-being in female prostitutes in The Netherlands. 856 61

This article describes the development and implementation of the AIDS home care program at the Visiting Nurse Service of New York (VNSNY). The challenges to VNSNY staff are diverse and include (1) dealing with staff who are infected or affected by HIV in their own families; (2) working with other community-based case managers; (3) working in high crime areas and dealing with substance abuse; (4) managing families in crisis; (5) dealing with violence and abuse in the home, including staff abuse; (6) managing problems with informal caregivers; (7) managing clients who participate in unsafe sexual activities; and (8) dealing with issues of HIV confidentiality.
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PMID:Challenges for the urban home health care provider. The New York City experience. 860 88

The patient population in dialysis facilities today reflects common societal problems such as human immunodeficiency virus infection, illicit drug use, distrust of and disrespect for authority, and a propensity toward violence. An increase in calls from dialysis units for guidance in dealing with noncompliant and abusive patients prompted ESRD Network 5 to examine this problem and develop an educational program, "Working with Noncompliant and Abusive Patients." This article provides an overview of the ESRD Network 5 study of the ethical, legal, psychosocial, and administrative aspects of this problem, presents practical strategies for working with such patients, and demonstrates the application of these strategies in three cases. It emphasizes the importance for dialysis units of four elements in the successful treatment of such patients: instruction for all levels of dialysis staff; a team approach; written policies; and patient education at the time of admission about these policies, including the consequences of verbal and physical abuse and the circumstances under which patients will be discharged from the dialysis unit.
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PMID:Working with noncompliant and abusive dialysis patients: practical strategies based on ethics and the law. 862 Mar 71


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