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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The investigation of death condition of HIV infected intravenous drug users (IVDU) was conducted with a retrospective cohort study in Ruili city of Yunnan province from 1989-Oct to 1993-Oct, the deaths among 395 HIV+ IVDUs add up to 61 and the mortality is 15.4%, which has significant difference compared to the death level of control cohort composed by 192 HIV- IVDUs (add up to 18). The relative risk of death is 1.6 (95% confidence interval 1.0-2.5). After classified by the cause of death, it was found that both maintain high accidence mortality caused mainly by narcotism, violence and suicide. But in death group caused by diseases, the mortality of HIV+ IVDU (8.4%) is much higher than HIV- IVDU (3.1%) (95% confidence interval 1.2-6.1). We also compared non-AIDS mortality between HIV+ and HIV- IVDU according to data of HIV/AIDS surveillance which showed 2 patients died of AIDS in HIV+ IVDU. The difference is also significant (13.8% in HIV+, but 7.9% in HIV- IVDU) and the relative risk is 1.7 (95% confidence interval 1.0-2.8). The results indicated that the lever of reported AIDS cases were probably lower than that of actual AIDS cases existing.
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PMID:[Investigation of mortality among HIV-infected intravenous drug users in Ruili region of Yunnan province]. 778 Oct 51

Many primary care physicians take care of lesbians and women sexually active with women without being aware of their patients' sexual orientation. These women have unique medical and psychosocial needs that each physician must consider. Lesbian identity or being sexually active exclusively with women influences care in areas such as sexually transmitted diseases, risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection, counseling, cancer risk, screening, parenting, depression, alcohol use, and violence. We review an approach to taking a history with all women that facilitates open, comfortable communication with lesbians. We also review specific medical and psychosocial areas of primary care in which caring for lesbians is different from caring for other women. Further research is needed on lesbian health issues to provide appropriate guidelines to clinicians.
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PMID:Lesbian health care. What a primary care physician needs to know. 778 67

The aim of the study was to estimate the mortality rate and evaluate the causes of death in all diagnosed HIV-positive IDUs in the Stockholm area, 1986-90, and to compare the risk of death of those who received methadone treatment with that of those never admitted to or discharged from the programme. Data were collected from the Swedish National Bacteriological Laboratory, the Methadone Maintenance Programme (MMTP) and the Department of Forensic Medicine, as well as from hospitals in the Stockholm region. In Sweden 90% of all IDUs are HIV-tested. Most deceased IDUs are examined forensically. This examination always includes HIV-testing. During the observation period, 472 HIV-infected IDUs were reported from the Stockholm area. Of these addicts 135 participated in the methadone maintenance programme for a shorter or longer time during the study period. Most of them had received the HIV-diagnosis more than 1 year before first entering the programme. Sixty-nine subjects died during the observation period. A majority, 52 persons, died from violence or poisoning. Seventeen died from somatic complications of drug abuse. Nine of them were diagnosed as suffering from AIDS. Eight of the deceased had participated in the MMTP. The relative risk of death from external violence and poisoning was 0.25 (95% confidence interval 0.1-1.0) when participants in the MMTP were compared with HIV-infected IDUs never attending the programme. When all causes of death are compared the relative risk was 0.8. Those patients discharged from the programme have a higher mortality rate than those who never participated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Mortality among HIV-infected intravenous drug addicts in Stockholm in relation to methadone treatment. 779 7

This study tested the effectiveness of a workshop for college students designed to increase HIV-preventive behavior by increasing participants' self-efficacy concerning HIV-preventive behavior. The Safer Sex Efficacy Workshop (SSE workshop) was compared with a lecture on HIV (HIV lecture) and a lecture on an unrelated topic, family violence (FV lecture); the effect of each condition on self-efficacy, behavioral intentions, and HIV-preventive behavior was assessed. Participants in the SSE workshop and the HIV lecture increased more from pretest to posttest in self-efficacy and the intention to use a condom than participants in the FV lecture. Participants in the SSE workshop increased their frequency of condom use from pretest to two-month follow-up more than participants in either of the two control conditions. Changes in the frequency of participants' discussion of AIDS and past partners with sexual partners and the intention to discuss did not differ among the three intervention conditions.
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PMID:Evaluation of a theory-based HIV prevention intervention for college students. 781 77

In October 1902, Lina Lavanche Rogers began her work in the New York City schools as the first school nurse in the United States. The purpose of this research was to examine the evolution of school nursing as it exemplifies development of a public health nursing specialty. Historiographic methodology was used. Primary sources included materials written by pioneers in school nursing. Secondary sources included journals, books, newspapers, biographical materials, and unpublished materials from the archives of health care and educational institutions and agencies. Public health nurses in 1902 had a model for practice that was considerably more independent and interdependent than that characterizing the practice of hospital nurses. From its origins in public health nursing, the role of the school nurse shrunk in many school systems to that of dispenser of bandages and aspirins, only to return once more to an advanced practice model. HIV, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, addiction, and violence have returned and/or replaced the contagious diseases of 1902 and the early years of school nursing. New immigrants, poverty, homelessness, and lack of primary care offer challenges to school nurses to meet the needs of schoolchildren and their families in the 1900s.
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PMID:School nursing in America--1902-1994: a return to public health nursing. 787 Jun 60

Women and children are the people most affected by civil strife and food crises. A country's successful response to crises will depend on its preexisting infrastructure in the health and social sectors and its development status. The 1992 world refugee population was 16 million, which was a growth of about 500% since 1970. Another 1.2 million have been internally displaced. Over 300 million people in 1992 had homes or livelihoods destroyed by disaster. About 60% of disasters requiring external assistance have been due to floods and winds. Famines and drought do not occur as frequently, but have more long lasting effects on land and population; most recently, famines and droughts have stemmed from armed conflicts. Civil conflicts have claimed the most victims: almost 3 times as many civilians as soldiers. Food recently has been used as a weapon of war. The use of landmines in civil conflicts has resulted in growing numbers of civilian disabled. Millions of children have been abandoned or separated from their families due to armed conflicts. Sexual violence as a weapon of war against civilians results in high rates of pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV, as well as psychological traumas. The mental illness or stress disorders from armed conflicts or refugee and abandonment status have been neglected as outcomes. Natural and civil disasters engender malnutrition and disruptions of breast feeding. Early immunization may not be possible under crisis conditions.
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PMID:Natural and man-made disasters: the vulnerability of women-headed households and children without families. 801 82

The notion of risk underlying the concept of vulnerability implies that everyone is potentially vulnerable (or at risk), that is, there is always a chance of developing health problems. The risk is, however, greater for those with the least social status, social capital, and human capital resources to either prevent or ameliorate the origins and consequences of poor physical, psychological, or social health. The completeness and accuracy of information on the health status of the vulnerable populations examined here varies substantially across groups. Methodological work is needed to derive standardized definitions of terms, specify the content and timing for collecting information for minimum basic data sets, and develop uniform standards for evaluating and reporting data quality on the health status of vulnerable populations. The variety of indicators of vulnerable populations examined indicates that during the decade of the 1980s the incidence of serious physical, psychological, and/or social needs increased (at worst) and was unameliorated (at best) for millions of Americans. AIDS emerged as a new and deadly threat from a handful of cases classified as Gay-Related Immune Deficiency in the early part of the 1980s to what now may be over a million Americans who are HIV-positive. The number of homeless has increased an average of 20% a year to estimates now ranging up to one million men, women, or children homeless on any given night to twice that number who may be homeless sometime during the year. Over seven million people immigrated to the United States during the period from 1981 to 1990--an increasing proportion of whom are refugees carrying with them the physical, psychological, and social wounds of war. The number of children abused by family members or other intimates has burgeoned to an estimated 1.6 to 1.7 million per year, and with the greater use of firearms, intentional acts of violence towards oneself or others are becoming increasingly deadly in their consequences. Though fewer Americans smoke, drink, and use illicit drugs in general than was the case earlier in the decade of the 1980s, the use of cocaine (and particularly crack) among hard-core addicts has resulted in increases in the number of drug-related deaths.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Health status of vulnerable populations. 805 96

By the year 2000, Hispanics will outnumber African Americans and become the majority minority. Statistics reveal that health problems of the three main groups of Hispanics in the United States (Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans) include diabetes, injuries and violence, substance abuse, HIV/AIDS, limited access to health care, and many other problems shared by the poor and disenfranchised. The health care provider may intervene with Hispanic clients and communities in culturally sensitive ways such as viewing culture as an enabler rather than a resistant force, incorporating cultural beliefs into the plans of care, stressing familialism, taking the time for "pleasant conversation," refraining from harsh criticism, and involving the community in preventive health care programs. Such interventions require providers who are knowledgeable about the culture, customs, beliefs, and language of the Hispanics within their practice area. Health care providers also need to be alert to and active in health care policy making that will improve access to health care for the growing Hispanic population.
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PMID:Providing culturally sensitive health care to Hispanic clients. 793 59

Preliminary findings from the Women and AIDS program, a research grants program of the International Center for Research on Women in Washington, D.C. that supports 17 studies in developing countries worldwide, provide a glimpse into the complex interaction between women's social and economic status and risk of HIV infection. In many settings, the cultural norms that demand sexual fidelity and docile and acquiescent sexual behavior among women permit--and sometimes even encourage--early sexual experimentation, multiple partnerships, and aggressive and dominating sexual behavior among men. Drawing upon the finding from the program, the paper analyzes how such cultural norms, together with women's social and economic dependency, can limit a woman's ability to negotiate safer sex with her partner; restrict her access to information and knowledge about her body; force her to sometimes barter sex for survival; increase her vulnerability to physical violence in sexual interaction; and compromise her self-esteem. The findings highlight the limitations of the current HIV/AIDS prevention strategy for reducing women's risk of HIV, and underline the urgency for an approach to prevention that is grounded in the realities of women's lives and sexual experiences--an approach that recognizes the relationship between the dynamics of gender relations, sexual behavior, and HIV risk.
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PMID:Women's lives and sex: implications for AIDS prevention. 811 84

The cumulative number of HIV cases in Poland has risen rapidly from 435 to 2476 between 1990 and 1992. More than 70% of HIV cases are IV drug users. Their HIV prevalence rate has grown from 0.8% to 20% between 1988 and 1991. Availability and wide use of cheap, home-produced heroin; sharing equipment; and lack of needles and syringes set the stage for rapid transmission of HIV in the IV drug use community. Most IV drug users are homeless, unemployed, and unskilled. Most people consider IV drug user to be irresponsible and dangerous. HIV infection among IV drug users exasperates fears, prejudices, and the general intolerance towards all HIV-infected persons. Few homosexuals are HIV infected, and they tend to remain invisible, so they are not targeted for discrimination or violence. Poland's youth antidrugs movement assists drug users and people with AIDS. However communities tend to thwart its efforts (e.g., IV drug users' home being firebombed). Misperceptions about HIV transmission contribute to the fear of HIV/AIDS. Even though most people know the actual modes of HIV transmission in one survey, many (20-31%) believed it could also be transmitted by public toilets and baths, pots, pans, eating utensils, and mosquitoes. 40% of health workers in Sosnowiec did not know that HIV could not be spread by insects, and 30% thought daily contact with HIV-infected people carried a risk of transmission. Many refused to work with HIV-infected patients. Hospitals test patients for HIV, often without their consent or knowledge. Antidiscrimination strategies should include legislation coupled with education. Strong sex and sexuality taboos and opposition to discussion on sexual health by the Catholic church are strong obstacles to HIV/AIDS education inside and outside the schools. Public health officials have a large task identifying a way to accommodate widely held traditional values while also providing effective education on HIV prevention and on the importance of integrating people affected by HIV/AIDS into all levels of society.
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PMID:Discrimination against people with HIV and AIDS in Poland. 806 61


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