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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In Zaire, data on 5494 15-49 year old women living in the city of Matadi and rural Sona Bata and Nsona Mpangu in Bas-Zaire were analyzed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practice about AIDS. Women living in Matadi and Sona Bata were more likely to be aware of AIDS than those in Nsona Mpangu (84% and 79% vs. 32%; p.001). 83% of knowledgeable women knew the 4 modes of HIV transmission, yet they also reported incorrect modes such as swelling in the same household as someone with AIDS. 50% believed that someone could have an HIV infection and not know it. 20-40 year old educated women living in Matadi had the best understanding for the latency period. Even though 75-90% of the women mentioned reducing the number of partners as a means to prevent HIV transmission, only 40% in Nsona Mpangu, 35% in Matadi, and 14% in Sona Bata mentioned condoms. Around 50% knew about them than other women regardless of residence. Wide spread fears and misconceptions about condoms existed, e.g., condoms stay in the vagina. About 1/2 did not consider themselves to be at risk of acquiring AIDS. The perceived risk was greatest among married 25-29 year old women regardless of educational status and residence. Most women learned about AIDS through the radio followed by TV. 96% wanted more information about AIDS. 52-62% of the women were willing to be tested for HIV mainly to make sure they were not infected. The other women did not want to be tested mostly because they did not believe they were infected. 91% of all women believed a woman with AIDS should not become pregnant mainly due to fear of infecting the infant. The results showed that the women were not prepared to advance beyond the 1st stage of the AIDS Risk Reduction Model--labeling sexual activities as problematic.
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PMID:AIDS knowledge in three sites in Bas-Zaire. 138 84

To understand the biologic processes involved in transmission of HIV, we examined the genital tracts of chronically infected female macaques and localized SIV-infected cells. SIV was found in the genital tract of 12 of 16 animals and SIV-infected cells were located in the cervix and vagina. Inoculation of cell-free SIV into the blind vaginal pouch of hysterectomized macaques resulted in systemic infection. We propose a hypothesis to explain the early events in the genital transmission of SIV.
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PMID:Mechanism of genital transmission of SIV: a hypothesis based on transmission studies and the location of SIV in the genital tract of chronically infected female rhesus macaques. 143 68

In 1987, data from the Centers for Disease Control AIDS data base indicated a 50% prevalence of oropharyngeal Candida infection, a 10% rate of esophageal infection, and .5% rate of bronchopulmonary infection among AIDS patients. Candida-positive blood cultures were found in 13 of 903 AIDS patients, and disseminated Candida infection was ascertained in 11 of 101 post mortem examinations of AIDS victims. 5 of 12 patients with oral Candida infection progressed to AIDS within a 42-week investigation as opposed to only 1 of 17 patients without Candida. In the former group, CD4 counts and CD4/CD8 ratios were also significantly lower. Most infections were caused by Candida albicans. Genital Candida occurs in 5-20% of women in reproductive age. In a study of 66 HIV-infected women Candida vaginitis preceded oral Candida infections which preceded Candida esophagitis. 33 women had vaginal infection, 25 had oral Candida, and 9 had esophageal infection with reduced CD4 counts. Infections of the oropharynx and the vagina are reduced CD4 counts. Infections of the oropharynx and the vagina are treated with amphotericin B, nystatin, miconazole, and clotrimazole. Systemically effective compounds include ketoconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole, although interactions with rifampicin, phenobarbital, and phenytoin used in HIV treatment occur. Fluconazole is contraindicated in C. glabrata and C. krusei infections as it selects for azole-resistant Candida strains. Iv amphotericin B and fluconazole are used in serious infections when oral treatment is ineffective.
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PMID:Candida infections in AIDS patients. 161 60

Peroxidase, H2O2, and a halide form a powerful antimicrobial system in phagocytes and tissue fluids, and certain microorganisms can serve as the source of H2O2 for this system. H2O2-generating Lactobacillus acidophilus (LB+) is present in the vagina of most normal women and peroxidase has been detected in vaginal fluid. LB+ at high concentration is viricidal to HIV-1, and, at levels where LB+ is ineffective alone, the addition of peroxidase (myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase) and a halide (chloride, iodide, bromide, thiocyanate) restore viricidal activity. LB+ can be replaced by H2O2, but not by non-H2O2-producing LB, and viricidal activity is inhibited by azide and catalase. The survival of HIV in the female genital tract and thus the likelihood of transmission may be influenced by the activity of the LB(+)-peroxidase-halide system in the vagina.
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PMID:Viricidal effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on human immunodeficiency virus type 1: possible role in heterosexual transmission. 164 36

In San Francisco, California, researchers used an artificial intercourse model to test a polyurethane woman's condom (WPC-33 under development by the Wisconsin Pharmaceutical Company) for permeability to HIV and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The disposable device is loose-fitting and has flexible rings at both ends. The researchers placed a virus suspension inside a condom and then placed inside it a second condom containing tissue culture medium to test for permeability. A 35-ml plastic syringe case served as an artificial penis. It was inserted into the inner condom, which was inside an artificial foam vagina, and then plunged 50 times to simulate trauma associated with sexual intercourse. Aliquots of the fluids in the outer and inner condoms were grown in culture. CMV was grown in human embryonic lung fibroblasts for four weeks. Virus-positive cultures were identified by their cytopathogenic effect. HIV was grown for eight days in normal human lymphocytes and assayed with an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In three trials using CMV, all inner condom fluids were positive; all outer condom fluids were negative. The detection limit of the assay was 0.2 mcl of inoculum. The same results were found in three trials with HIV. The detection limit of the ELISA for HIV was 0.67 mcl of inoculum. Thus, a female condom may present an alternative means of controlling sexually transmitted diseases and conception. Previous studies have suggested that the female condom may leak less than a male condom. However, this device has not yet proven effective in vivo and it was not tested for efficacy as a contraceptive. Additional studies will be required to prove the utility of this barrier in vivo.
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PMID:Evaluation of the virus permeability of a new condom for women. 216 13

Sensitivity of the cell-free human immundeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and its producer cells was Studied in acidic media between pH 7.4 and 4.9 vitro. The cytopathic effect, reverse transcriptase activity and p24 antigen production by survived viruses were monitored in indicator cell cultures. It was established that, the cell-free HIV-1 particles are very sensitive to acidity. Between pH 7.4 and 6.0 they loose infectivity gradually, but this process is irreversible under pH 6.0 and subsequent neutralization cannot restore lost infectivity. However, viability, of virus producer cells is hardly affected between pH 7.4 and 4.9, but their ability to release infectious particles is lost gradually, similarly to the case of cell-free viruses. Neutralization of the media after treatment results in gradual restoration of releasing infectious viruses. These data explain that, cell-free HIV-1 looses infectivity in the acidic vagina or does on the skin, but infectivity is preserved in the blood, semen, rectum and breast milk being neutral or slightly alcalic. Virus carrier or producer lymphocytes by any route of infection can survive such protective mechanism of the body.
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PMID:[Different sensitivity to acid reaction of the AIDS virus and virus-producing cells: clinical conclusions]. 221 19

For more than two years, all HIV-positive women were seen in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in cooperation with the Department of Internal Medicine of the University of Mainz, for medical care and therapy, if necessary. Of 40 HIV-infected female patients who were treated, 25 women were followed up every three to six months. Most of the latter live in rural areas or outside the cities in the State Rhineland Palatinate, FRG. 52% of them are or were former intravenous drug abusers, and 44% had been infected by sexual transmission. Only one-third use condoms during intercourse, another third reject this kind of protection. The rest are without cohabitation for various reasons. 23 pregnancies are known in this group and in 20% of the cases HIV infection were discovered during prenatal care. Gynaecological and obstetrical findings are reported. 80% of the patients have had a recurrent candida infection of the vagina, which was detected by culture. Immunologically, 75% of the patients belong to stage III (according to the CDC classification). Out of this group, more than 50% show less than 400 CD4 (+) cells/microliters. A positive result for HIV-Ag, anti-p41 and negative anti-p24 was seen in five cases. One of the four patients with AIDS died of a rapidly growing cancer of the cervix.
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PMID:[Epidemiologic, infectiologic and immunologic results from gynecologic HIV consultation at the Mainz University Gynecologic Clinic]. 278 26

In Africa, female prostitutes represent a high risk group for HIV infection. In Kinshasa, Zaire, 101 (27%) out of 377 prostitutes were seropositive to HIV by ELISA and Western blot determination. Seropositivity was significantly associated with the number of lifetime partners with a median number of 600 partners, four seropositives and 338 for seronegative individuals (P = 0.02). Seropositivity was also significantly associated with a history of taking oral medications for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and/or pregnancy (odds ratio = 2.21, confidence interval = 1.2-4.2), and with the introduction of any product into the vagina for hygiene or other purposes (odds ratio = 2.3, confidence interval = 1.1-4.7). In addition, among 85 prostitutes reporting condom use by their sexual partners during the previous year, the use of condoms by 50% or more of partners was associated with a reduced risk of HIV seropositivity (P = 0.046). An increased risk of HIV seropositivity was not associated with fellatio, anal intercourse, or with any type of kissing. Twenty-nine per cent of prostitutes reported at least one symptom suggestive of HIV infection, and seropositivity was associated with weight loss, either with or without chronic diarrhea or pruritic dermatitis. These data confirm that African prostitutes are at high risk for HIV infection and that the number of lifetime sexual partners, and factors which interfere with the integrity of the vaginal or cervical mucosa, may be associated with an increased risk of HIV infection acquired through heterosexual contact.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:HIV infection and associated risk factors in female prostitutes in Kinshasa, Zaire. 314 Aug 30

Women have used contraceptive barriers for centuries, such as leaves, to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Spermicides are used with at least 3 of the 5 modern female barrier methods -- the diaphragm, the cap, and the sponge. The thin domed rubber diaphragms lie diagonally across the cervix, the vault, and part of the anterior vaginal wall. Suction holds the cervical/vault caps in place. Women must be fitted for these 2 methods before use. Women can buy a small polyurethane sponge impregnated with 1 gram of nonoxynol-9 spermicide to cover the cervix over the counter. It has a high failure rate, however, since adequate instructions for insertion are not provided. The vaginal ring is not designed to fit into 1 fixed position in the vagina, yet probably spends most of its time in the posterior fornix. The ring continuously releases the levonorgestrel or a spermicide. The recently developed vaginal shield or female sheath has promise. It is a hollow tube made of strong elastic polyurethane. Since the era of the ancient Romans and Egyptians, men have used barriers made of such diverse material as animal bladders, silk, and lamb intestine, to protect against dirt and disease or for decoration. Condoms were 1st manufactured in the 1900s and had to be washed and dried following each act of intercourse. With the increase in STDs during World War II, condom distribution to the troops became standard practice. Today condoms come in a variety of colors, lengths, and strengths. Some have been coated with the spermicide nonoxynol-9 which protects against STDs. The condom follows oral contraceptives as the most popular form of contraceptive in the United Kingdom. A 1987 television campaign to promote barrier method use in light of the AIDS epidemic backfired. For example, it implied that diaphragms and sponges protect women from HIV.
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PMID:Recent developments in barrier methods of contraception. 323 Nov 42

The molecular status of Abs in the vaginal fluid is reconsidered as a basis for immunization strategies for women' vaccination against HIV. Analysis of separated immunoglobulins (Igs) shows a large proportion of uncleaved IgG, whereas the low amount of IgA includes SIgA, monomers and fragments. SIgM is at a very low level, while free SC molecules are abundant. In addition to the already documented local synthesis, vaginal IgG contains serum-derived tetanus antitoxins. The IgG could reach the lumen by diffusion, and/or be transported by an Fc receptor-associated mechanism as suggested by the subclass imbalance in favour of the IgG1 isotype. VAginal SIgA contains very low levels of antibodies o the cell-well carbohydrates from a dental caries-associated streptococcus confirming the participation of the secretory immune system. IN addition, the low percentage of IgA2 suggests tha a proportion of vaginal SIgA can also derive from actively transported serum polymers. In agreement with our previous studies showing induction of vaginal tetanus antitoxins by intramuscular immunization, these results are in favour of classical, parenteral vaccinations to induce protection of the human vagina.
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PMID:Systemic and secretory humoral immunity in the normal human vaginal tract. 763 Nov 60


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